Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
 31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Prostate carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) occur in the prostate gland of older dogs and have morphologic similarities when evaluated by light microscopy. The dog is a commonly used animal model for studying human prostate carcinoma; therefore, it is important to accurately differentiate canine prostate carcinomas from TCCs. We investigated whether keratin 7 (K7) and arginine esterase (AE) would aid differentiation of canine prostate carcinoma from TCC. K7 expression was evaluated in normal and neoplastic canine prostate and bladder tissues using immunohistochemistry. The expression of AE messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in normal and neoplastic canine prostate and bladder was detected using northern blots and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, AE enzyme activity was measured in normal and neoplastic canine prostate and bladder tissues. We found marked similarities in K7 expression in prostate carcinomas and TCCs. AE mRNA was present in high levels in normal prostatic tissue but was reduced in prostate carcinoma by northern blot assay. Nested RT-PCR detected AE mRNA both in TCCs (13 of 15) and in prostate carcinomas (13 of 13). Enzymatic activity of AE was high in normal prostate gland and in some prostate carcinomas, whereas normal bladder and TCCs produced lower levels of AE. In conclusion, K7 and AE cannot be used to differentiate TCC from prostate carcinoma in dogs.
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PMID:Canine prostate carcinomas express markers of urothelial and prostatic differentiation. 1501 26

Radical prostatectomy as a primary treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer has increased dramatically over the past decade due to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening and the awareness of the increased incidence of localized disease. Despite the stage migration to increase clinically localized disease, there are still vast numbers of men who harbor occult extraprostatic extension and develop recurrence after surgery. The study of molecular markers in the blood or tissue of surgical patients prior to treatment, called " molecular staging, " is the focus of this review. The reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for PSA gene expression in peripheral blood or bone marrow has received considerable attention since its first report in 1992. The test detects messenger RNA species for prostate-specific/abundant genes such as PSA and prostate-specific membrane antigen. These messenger RNAs were not detected in normal blood or bone marrow, but were detected in some prostate cancer patients presumably due to circulating prostatic epithelial cells. These prostate epithelial cells are thought to be occult metastases cells, and early studies correlated a positive RT-PCR test with surgical pathology adverse features such as positive margins. Despite the many studies over the past few years, there have been inconsistent results, and the most recent studies have not been able to confirm clinical utility. Bone marrow RT-PCR has been more promising; however, it is still a research tool that needs further study. The study of molecular markers in tissue material, ie, prostate biopsy samples prior to radical prostatectomy, is problematic due to the sampling error inherent in a multifocal heterogeneous tumor such as prostate cancer. The tumor suppressor proteins p53 and p27, Bcl-2 oncoprotein, Ki-67 proliferation index protein, E-cadherin, and microvessel density have been assessed in preradical prostatectomy needle biopsy. Results have been conflicting, and none are yet accepted as a clinically useful marker. Current and future work is focusing on analysis of multiple gene expressions or proteins simultaneously via gene chip or proteomics technology. While these expression profiles might be of value in whole prostate surgical specimens where tissues are well characterized, it is unclear how this new technology will be applied to the needle biopsy samples. Although molecular staging of radical prostatectomy patients has been under study for a decade, all assays remain research tools. Still, this area holds great promise for improving the accuracy of staging and providing a more accurate prognosis of individual men with clinically localized prostate cancer.
Clin Prostate Cancer 2002 Jun
PMID:Molecular markers in prostate cancer: the role in preoperative staging. 1504 12

The enzymes thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), and orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) are involved in the metabolism of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. No reports have examined the expression of these enzymes in prostate cancer (CaP). A total of 25 previously untreated, hormone-sensitive CaP tissue samples and 11 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) specimens were examined. Tissue of CaP and BPH tissue samples were obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections by laser-captured microdissection, and then RNA was extracted. mRNA expression of TS, DPD, TP, and OPRT was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. TS and OPRT expression levels were significantly higher in CaP samples than in BPH. DPD expression level in poorly differentiated CaP was significantly lower than that in CaP with more favorable--well or moderately differentiated--histopathology.
Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2005
PMID:Expression of thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, thymidine phosphorylase, and orotate phosphoribosyl transferase in prostate cancer. 1599 19

Gene expression profiles may lend insight into whether prostate adenocarcinoma (CaP) predominantly occurs in the peripheral zone (PZ) compared to the transition zone (TZ). From human prostates, tissue sets consisting of PZ and TZ were isolated to investigate whether there is a differential level of gene expression between these two regions of this gland. Gene expression profiling using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 plus 2.0 arrays coupled with quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR was employed. Genes associated with neurogenesis, signal transduction, embryo implantation and cell adhesion were found to be expressed at a higher level in the PZ. Those overexpressed in the TZ were associated with neurogenesis development, signal transduction, cell motility and development. Whether such differential gene expression profiles may identify molecular mechanisms responsible for susceptibility to CaP remains to be ascertained.
Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2008
PMID:Differential gene expression in the peripheral zone compared to the transition zone of the human prostate gland. 1764 51

Recent studies have shown that most prostate cancers carry the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion. Here we evaluated the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in small cell carcinoma of the prostate (n = 12) in comparison with small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (n = 12) and lung (n = 11). Fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated rearrangement of the ERG gene in 8 cases of prostatic small cell carcinoma (67%), and the rearrangement was associated with deletion of the 5' ERG gene in 7 cases, but rearrangement of the ERG gene was not present in any small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder or lung. Next we evaluated the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in nude mouse xenografts that were derived from 2 prostatic small cell carcinomas carrying the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion. Two transcripts encoded by the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and DNA sequencing demonstrated that the 2 transcripts were composed of fusions of exon 1 of the TMPRSS2 gene to exon 4 or 5 of the ERG gene. Our study demonstrates the specific presence of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in prostatic small cell carcinoma, which may be helpful in distinguishing small cell carcinoma of prostatic origin from nonprostatic origins. The high prevalence of the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in prostatic small cell carcinoma as well as adenocarcinoma implies that small cell carcinoma may share a common pathogenic pathway with adenocarcinoma in the prostate.
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PMID:TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in small cell carcinoma of the prostate. 2104 Sep 48

The insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is one of the main mitogens and anti-apoptotic factors, which has an important role in cell proliferation, inhibiting cell death in prostate cancer (PCa), and may act as a replacement for androgen after castration. Characterizing the changes in local IGF-I levels in the prostate after castration, is therefore of great importance for doctors to guide and select therapy models after surgical castration in men with PCa. The present study was performed to detect IGF-I of local ventral prostate (VP) at intervals up to 24 weeks after castration by a combination of reverse transcriptase PCR, western-blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. We found IGF-I to be decreased sharply after castration and that mRNA and protein levels reached their minimum at 2 days and 5 days, respectively. The level of IGF-I increased gradually and although mRNA levels remained high for longer than 2 weeks, protein levels remained high for longer than 4 weeks. The epithelium cells of VP express IGF-I and its receptor longer than 2 weeks after castration. These findings suggested that although IGF-I of local VP decreases sharply in short-stage castration, its levels increase gradually and remain at high levels at least until 24 weeks. IGF-I synthesized mainly from epithelial cells, which may function through the autocrine system longer than 2 weeks castration.
Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2011 Jun
PMID:Local insulin-like growth factor-I of ventral prostate was upregulated during long-term castration and may function through the autocrine system. 2140 69