Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three alpacas (Vicugna pacos) aged two to 22 months with a history of illthrift and diarrhoea were examined postmortem, and tissues were collected for histology, including immunohistochemical labelling for pestivirus antigen, virus isolation and TaqMan reverse transcriptase-pcr assay. Blood samples from two clinical cases and the remaining herd members were tested for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) antibody by serum neutralisation, antigen detection and pcr assay. The three affected alpacas were positive for bvdv by pcr of splenic tissue and/or heparinised blood. Non-cytopathic bvdv was isolated from several tissues and plasma of two of the alpacas. dna sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the viral genome from the pcr product showed that the bvdv was of subgenotype 1b. Immunohistochemical examination of brain tissue was positive in two cases, consistent with a persistent infection. bvdv antibodies were detected in 16 of 25 clinically unaffected alpacas. There was no evidence of persistent infection in the in-contact animals. The source of the infection was not determined.
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PMID:Bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in the UK. 1765 35

Six hundred and thirty three fecal specimens were collected from patients under 6 years, suffering from non-bacterial, putative viral gastroenteritis in the south of Ireland, between 2003 and 2006. Following laboratory identification of rotavirus as the aetiological agent in 558 specimens, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was employed to amplify the VP7 and VP4 gene segments of 249 and 245 samples, respectively. G and P typing was subsequently carried out on these amplicons. G1 (65.1%), and G3 (16.1%) were found to be the most prevalent circulating G types over the course of the study. Both G2 (1.2%) and G9 (3.6%), were also found to be circulating, however, these types were less frequently detected. Mixed G type infections were found to account for 41 samples (14%). P typing was carried out on 245 samples. P[8] was the most commonly detected P type over the course of the study (93.5%). Both P[6] and P[9], which had not previously been detected in the Irish population, were detected during this investigation. P[6] was detected in both single and mixed P type infections, while P[9] was detected as part of mixed infections only. The key findings of this study were the emergence of P[6] and P[9] as epidemiologically important rotavirus strains in the Irish population. The profile of rotavirus is changing continuously in Ireland, and continued surveillance of the circulating strains is needed to detect the appearance of new strains, or new variants which could escape immune protection induced by an outdated vaccine.
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PMID:Changing profile of rotavirus in Ireland: predominance of P[8] and emergence of P[6] and P[9] in mixed infections. 1820 18

Blood samples were collected from 1328 dairy cows of different parities in 46 herds in two regions of South Korea and tested for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) for the detection of viral sequences in whole blood and by a commercial elisa for the detection of bvdv-specific antibodies. None of the animals was positive by RT-PCR but 770 (58 per cent) were seropositive. The proportion of seropositive cows increased with their parity, but there was no difference between the seroprevalence of BVDV among the cows in the two regions.
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PMID:Investigation of the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in dairy cows in South Korea. 1828 28

The genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) isolates in infected cattle from Tyrol and Vorarlberg (Austria) was investigated. Blood samples were collected within the compulsory Austrian BVDV control programme during 2005 and 2006. The 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) and partially the N-terminal autoprotease (N(pro)) were amplified by one-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the PCR products were subsequently sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on 5'-UTR and N(pro) sequences demonstrated that almost all isolates (307/310) were of the BVDV-1 genotype. They were clustered into eight different subtypes, here listed by their frequency of occurrence: BVDV-1h (143), BVDV-1f (79), BVDV-1b (41), BVDV-1d (28), BVDV-1e (6), BVDV-1a (4), BVDV-1g (3) and BVDV1-k (3). Two pestivirus isolates were typed as BVDV-2 and one isolate as BDV closely related to Gifhorn strain (BDV-3). Correlation among isolates could only be observed at the farm level, i.e., within a herd. However, no correlation between the genetic and geographical distances could be observed above the farm level. Because of the wide distribution of certain BVDV-1 subtypes and the low prevalence of herd-specific strains, a determination of tracing routes of infection was not possible. Furthermore, recombination events were not detected.
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PMID:Genetic diversity of pestivirus isolates in cattle from Western Austria. 1901 71

In this study, we investigated whether environmental swabs can be used to demonstrate the presence of norovirus in outbreak settings. First, a procedure was set up based on viral RNA extraction using guanidium isothiocyanate buffer and binding of nucleic acids to silica. Subsequently, environmental swabs were taken at 23 Dutch restaurants and four cruise ships involved in outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Outbreaks were selected based on clinical symptoms consistent with viral gastroenteritis and time between consumption of suspected food and onset of clinical symptoms (>12 h). Norovirus RNA was demonstrated by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR in 51 of 86 (59%) clinical specimens from 12 of 14 outbreaks (86%), in 13 of 90 (14%) food specimens from 4 of 18 outbreaks (22%), and in 48 of 119 (40%) swab specimens taken from 14 of 27 outbreaks (52%). Positive swab samples agreed with positive clinical samples in seven outbreaks, showing identical sequences. Furthermore, norovirus was detected on swabs taken from kitchen and bathroom surfaces in five outbreaks in which no clinical samples were collected and two outbreaks with negative fecal samples. The detection rate was highest for outbreaks associated with catered meals and lowest for restaurant-associated outbreaks. The use of environmental swabs may be a useful tool in addition to testing of food and clinical specimens, particularlywhen viral RNA is detected on surfaces used for food preparation.
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PMID:Environmental swabs as a tool in norovirus outbreak investigation, including outbreaks on cruise ships. 1920 71

An increase in veterinary and farmer interest in bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in New Zealand over recent years led to requests for cost-effective identification of BVD virus (BVDV) infected herds and individuals. This study was undertaken to determine if the use of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology and dairy cow production data could identify persistently infected (PI) animals in milking herds. Milk samples were collected from the vats of dairy herds and tested for the presence of BVDV by RT-PCR till four herds were found containing PI animals. Individual serum samples were then collected from every cow in the herd and tested by both RT-PCR and antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ACE) to identify the PI animals. Individual animal testing found 1/223, 1/130, 2/800 and 1/275 PI's respectively in the four herds. Based on these results a maximum pool size of 400 cows contributing to the bulk tank milk was selected. After removal of the PI from the herds, further bulk milk samples were shown to be BVDV negative by RT-PCR. All the PI animals identified by this method were found in the lowest producing 10-20% of herd. This approach of targeted testing of dairy herds using PCR technology, in conjunction with animal production information, markedly reduced the cost of diagnostic testing for BVDV in dairy herds in New Zealand. Questionnaire follow-up on 81 BVDV-positive herds (15% of those tested) indicated the stratification approach identified milking PIs successfully over 90% of the time and reduced the number of individual tests to 12% of the milking herd.
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PMID:Use of molecular and milk production information for the cost-effective diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhoea infection in New Zealand dairy cattle. 1983 21

Noroviruses are important human pathogens which cause epidemic acute viral gastroenteritis. Current techniques used for detection of noroviruses in fecal specimens involve multi-step viral RNA extraction and purification followed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This study demonstrates a method for easy detection of norovirus in fecal specimens, involving one-step RNA release and direct use of the released RNA for RT-PCR (direct RT-PCR). For one-step RNA release, a simple method was adopted based on addition of the sample treatment reagent from a commercialized Norovirus GI and GII RNA Detection Kit to suspended fecal specimens, followed by a brief heat treatment. The released RNA was then added directly to the RT mixture from the same kit. After reverse transcription and PCR, the product was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. Direct RT-PCR was evaluated with 275 fecal specimens comprising 230 norovirus-positive and 45 norovirus-negative samples as assessed by real-time RT-PCR, considered to be the "gold standard" for norovirus detection. Direct RT-PCR was sufficiently specific and sensitive for norovirus detection, and eliminated the RNA extraction and purification step. Use of this method should facilitate detection of norovirus in fecal specimens and provide valuable information regarding the incidence of the virus. In addition, this method should be applicable for other RNA viruses.
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PMID:Detection of noroviruses in fecal specimens by direct RT-PCR without RNA purification. 1987 99

The role of pestivirus particularly bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in causing respiratory infections in camels was studied in four different localities in Sudan. The evaluation was carried out using ELISA, and positive specimens were further tested using direct fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for confirmation. The overall detected seroprevalence of BVD in camel sera was 84.6% with the highest prevalence in Western Sudan (92.5%) and with most of positives showing 2+ and 3+ titer. Out of 186 lung specimens examined for BVDV antigen, 13 were found positive (7%) with the highest prevalence in Central Sudan. All ELISA-positive specimens were positive using FAT and RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report for the detection of BVDV antigen and antibodies in camels in Sudan.
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PMID:The first report on the prevalence of pestivirus infection in camels in Sudan. 2037 59

Nine polyvalent human influenza virus vaccines were tested by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the presence of pestivirus RNA. Samples were selected from manufacturers in Europe and the USA. Three samples of the nine vaccines tested (33.3%) gave positive results for pestivirus RNA. The 5'-untranslated genomic region sequence of the contaminant pestivirus RNA was analysed based on primary nucleotide sequence homology and on secondary sequence structures characteristic to genotypes. Two sequences belonged to Pestivirus type-1 (bovine viral diarrhoea virus [BVDV]) species, genotypes BVDV-1b and BVDV-1e. These findings confirm previous reports, suggesting an improvement in preventive measures against contamination of biological products for human use.
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PMID:Genotypes of Pestivirus RNA detected in anti-influenza virus vaccines for human use. 2043 84

Species and biotype distribution was determined in 44 bovine viral diarrhea virus- (BVDV-) positive samples submitted to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (ADDL) in Indiana during 2006-2008. BVDV RNA was detected in the 5'-untranslated region and N(pro) region using reverse transcriptase PCR followed by sequencing analysis of the PCR product. Additionally, cases were classified into one of six categories according to history and/or lesions: acute symptomatic, hemorrhagic, respiratory distress, reproductive, persistent infection (PI), and mucosal disease (MD). Of 44 BVDV-positive samples, 33 were noncytopathic (ncp), 10 were cytopathic (cp), and one presented both ncp and cp biotypes. Sequencing analysis demonstrated that all samples belonged to BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, or BVDV-2. The most common isolate was ncp BVDV-1b, (44%) followed by ncp BVDV-2a (24%). Among the six categories, respiratory clinical signs were the most common (36%) followed by PI (25%) and MD (16%).
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PMID:Isolation and genetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhea virus from infected cattle in indiana. 2164 44


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