Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
 31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Translocations involving mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene at 11q23 are associated with de novo acute leukemia as well as therapy-related acute leukemia. More than 100 different translocations involving MLL have been described in acute leukemia, with more than 60 translocation partner genes characterized on the molecular level. In addition to various simple translocations affecting MLL, there are also complex forms involving three or more chromosomes. Here, we describe a novel three-way translocation of t(2;19;11)(p12;p13.3;q23) in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In this translocation, the distal 19p13.3 joins the proximal 11q23 on der(11), whereas the distal 11q23 is translocated to 2p12. Three-way translocations involving 11q23 are often difficult to detect with cytogenetic means alone. In the present case, however, the chromosomes involved in the three-way translocation were readily identifiable by GTG banding. The MLL-MLLT1 fusion products from the derivative chromosome 11 were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and two splicing variant forms were confirmed by cloning and sequencing. Furthermore, the novel third partner gene, NRXN1, was detected by systematic breakpoint analysis using long-distance inverse-PCR methods (LDI-PCR). The apparent three-way translocation thus identified is noteworthy because few studies have reported complex rearrangements involving 11q23 and 19p13.3 in acute leukemias.
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PMID:Three-way translocation involving MLL, MLLT1, and a novel third partner, NRXN1, in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and t(2;19;11) (p12;p13.3;q23). 2011 34

Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) describes a technique whereby RNA is first reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, and the resulting cDNA amplified in either a single-step or a two-step nested PCR reaction. It is particularly useful for detecting molecular markers associated with leukaemia, as it enables a single assay to be used for many patients, each with unique genomic translocation breakpoints, but who have common fusion points in mRNA. This molecular method can not only detect aberrations that are cytogenetically cryptic, such as t(12;21)(p13;q22) in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), but is also very sensitive, and as such can be used to monitor minimal residual disease (MRD). Detecting and measuring MRD is important because it can be a guide to determining prognosis and relapse risk, predict recurrence of leukaemia, and enable individualization of treatment.
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PMID:Detection of minimal residual disease in leukaemia by RT-PCR. 2093 45

We developed a real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay system for detecting the MOZ-CBP fusion transcript and used it to monitor minimal residual disease (MRD) status in a patient with therapy related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) harboring t(8;16)(p11;p13). Expression of the MOZ-CBP fusion transcript was determined by RT-PCR analysis of the patient's bone marrow at the time of diagnosis. Thereafter, real time RT-PCR was used to evaluate MRD levels throughout the entire course of treatment. The sensitivity of quantitative RT-PCR for the MOZ-CBP fusion transcript was 10(-5). Below this level, MRD was classified as negative. Real time RT-PCR of the bone marrow after induction therapy showed the reduction of MOZ-CBP transcript to approximately 10(-3) level when compared to the diagnostic sample. MRD was classified as negative (< 10(-5) compared with that in the bone marrow at diagnosis) after 5 courses of chemotherapy, a level that was maintained post-allo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Real time RT-PCR of the MOZ-CBP transcript is a useful tool for assessing MRD status for a patient with therapy related acute myeloid leukemia who was initially predicted to have a poor prognosis.
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PMID:Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the MOZ-CBP fusion transcript in therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;16)(p11;p13). 2227 96

Pathological diagnosis of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) is challenging as it resembles blastemal Wilms tumor (WT) and other pediatric sarcomas, and does not have any distinctive immunophenotype. The YWHAE-FAM22 translocation t(10;17)(q22;p13) has been reported in a subset of CCSK. This translocation also occurs in high-grade endometrial sarcoma, in which it is associated with cyclin D1 overexpression. Hence we seek to determine YWHAE-FAM22 translocation status and cyclin D1 immunoreactivity in a series of local CCSK cases. Of 8 CCSK cases from 7 patients identified, no CCSK had the YWHAE-FAM22 fusion transcript by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Novel karyotypes were identified for 2 cases: 1 had t(2;13)(q13;q22) and the other t(3:17)(q29;p11.2). Excluding a case with poor tissue section antigenicity, 7 of 7 CCSKs (100%) showed diffuse and strong nuclear cyclin D1 staining. Cyclin D1 immunohistochemistry was also performed on tissue microarrays of other pediatric renal tumors: blastemal areas of 18 WT cases were negative; 6 rhabdoid tumors and 1 metanephric adenoma showed patchy and weak staining; 3 mesoblastic nephromas and 18 of 29 neuroblastomas had positive staining. Cyclin D1 immunohistochemistry helps distinguish CCSK from blastemal WT and metanephric adenoma and rhabdoid tumors, but not from neuroblastomas and mesoblastic nephromas. Cyclin D1 overexpression in CCSK is not contingent on YWHAE-FAM22 translocation, and cyclin D1 inhibition may potentially be explored as a targeted therapeutic strategy in CCSK.
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PMID:Novel Karyotypes and Cyclin D1 Immunoreactivity in Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney. 2575 90

Thymic mucoepidermoid carcinoma (TMEC) is a vanishingly rare entity that usually presents as low to intermediate grade MEC and carries a better prognosis when compared with other poorly differentiated thymic carcinomas. The recently described fusions, t(11;19)(q21;p13) CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein)-regulated transcription coactivator 1 and MAML2, mastermind-like gene 2 (CRTC1-MAML2) and t(11:15)(q21;q26) CRTC3-MAML2 characterize a considerable proportion of MEC examples arising from a variety of anatomical sites. Recent data point out that the aberrant proteins produced by this fusion drive oncogenesis by disrupting the cAMP/CREB and NOTCH1 pathways. To date, only 2 TMEC cases have been reported to have MAML2 rearrangements, a feature that was found to be absent in TMEC mimics. These findings led the authors to recommend this test as a diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis for thymic carcinoma. Herein, we present a case of TMEC arising in a 58-year-old woman, which was predominantly cystic with intracystic papillary formations composed of a mixture of mucinous cells and intermediate/epidermoid eosinophilic cells. This case was negative for CTCR1-MAML2 and CTCR3-MAML2 fusion transcripts by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and lacked a MAML2 rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization. We report a CTCR1/3-MAML2 fusion and MAML2 rearrangement-negative TMEC, indicating that a different molecular pathway must be involved in the generation of these tumors. The possibility of fusion-negative TMEC should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of a thymic carcinoma.
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PMID:Thymic Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: Report of a Case With CTRC1/3-MALM2 Molecular Studies. 2578 31

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematologic malignancy characterized by CD4 and CD56 coexpression without apparent lineage commitment. The molecular pathogenesis of BPDCN has been studied in only a limited number of cases, and specific chromosomal aberrations are lacking thus far. KMT2A (MLL) rearrangements are observed in various types of pediatric and adult leukemia, but only one adult case report has so far showed KMT2A (MLL)-MLLT1 gene rearrangements in BPDCN. We present the first pediatric case of BPDCN with a KMT2A (MLL)-MLLT1 rearrangement confirmed by molecular study. The karyotype demonstrated a t(11;19)(q23;p13.3), trisomy 8, and trisomy 19 in all 20 metaphase cells analyzed: 48,XX,+8,t(11;19)(q23;p13.3),+19[20]. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed KMT2A (MLL) gene rearrangement in 83% of interphase cells. The KMT2A (MLL)-MLLT1 gene rearrangement was confirmed by multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. We suggest that the pathogenesis of BPDCN could be associated with KMT2A (MLL) rearrangement (especially with KMT2A (MLL)-MLLT1) and further study on a larger number of cases is needed.
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PMID:KMT2A (MLL)-MLLT1 rearrangement in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. 2616 98


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