Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
 31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

On theoretical grounds we propose that the essential step in the development of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) after measles virus infection involves a reverse transcriptase-mediated change to a DNA form, probably brought about by co-infection with a leukovirus at a critical point in time. We further suggest that this new DNA then replicates either as the core of a new slow virus or as a membrane-attached viroid exhibiting a form of non-structural integration with host cell DNA resembling that found with the herpes viruses.
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PMID:The relationship between measles virus infection and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). 93 14

One isopolyoxometalate and 42 heteropolyoxometalates consisting of 3 compounds with the trivacant Keggin structure, 2 with the lacunary Keggin structure, 30 with the Keggin structure, one with the Wells-Dawson structure and 6 with miscellaneous structures were tested for their suppressive effect on the cytopathogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in vitro and inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. In contrast to the leading interpretations which attribute the suppressive effect of polyoxometalates on the cytopathogenicity of HIV-1 to the inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by these compounds, there was no distinct correlation observed between these two functions of polyoxometalates.
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PMID:Suppressive effect of polyoxometalates on the cytopathogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in vitro and their inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. 137 1

Mycoplasma fermentans incognitus has attracted much interest either as a cofactor for the progression of AIDS or as a pathogenic agent in non-AIDS-related diseases (S.-C. Lo, M. S. Dawson, P. B. Newton III, M. A. Sonoda, J. W.-K. Shih, W. F. Engler, R. Y.-H. Wang, and D. J. Wear, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 41:364-376, 1989; S.-C. Lo, M. S. Dawson, M. Wong, P. B. Newton III, M. A. Sonoda, W. F. Engler, R.Y.-H Wang, J. W.-K. Shih, H. J. Alter, and D. J. Wear, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 41:601-616, 1989; S.-C. Lo, J.W.-K. Shih, N.-Y. Yang, C.-Y. Ou, and R. Y.-H. Wang, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 40:213-226, 1989). In the present study, the genetic and serologic properties of the incognitus strain and other M. fermentans strains were compared. Furthermore, the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), determined by reverse transcriptase activity and HIV-1 p24 antigen level, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was evaluated after stimulation with mycoplasma cell lysates. The psb-2.2 viruslike infectious agent DNA probe, used to identify the incognitus strain in the tissues of AIDS and non-AIDS patients by Lo et al. (Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 41:364-376 and 40:213-226, 1989), showed reaction patterns similar to those of two M. fermentans strains isolated from cell cultures but not to that of the type strain PG18. Restriction enzyme patterns of the incognitus strain with EcoRI and HindIII were also similar to those of M. fermentans strains isolated from cell cultures. There were no remarkable differences in the immunoblot profiles between the incognitus strain and the other M. fermentans strains. These results suggest that the incognitus strain is not a unique strain among M. fermentans strains. Further, cell lysates of each M. fermentans strain could also enhance the replication of HIV-1 to a level similar to that of the incognitus strain as determined by the reverse transcriptase activity and the amount of the p24 antigen.
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PMID:Evidence that Lo's mycoplasma (Mycoplasma fermentans incognitus) is not a unique strain among Mycoplasma fermentans strains. 140 Oct 12

A simple and sensitive method for the detection of measles virus genome was developed, amplifying the regions encoding the nucleocapsid (N) protein and hemagglutinin (H) protein of measles virus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We examined a variety of measles patients: 28 patients with natural infection, 4 with measles encephalitis and 1 with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). In 28 patients with natural measles infection a single step PCR amplifying the N region resulted in a high detection rate for all plasma samples (28/28) within 3 days of the onset of rash and 80% (20/25) even on day 7 of the onset of rash and later. Within 3 days of the onset of rash, 24/25 (96.0%) of nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) and 27/28 (96.4%) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were positive for the N region PCR and the positivity rate of PCR decreased in NPS and PBMC after 7 days of the rash. In acute measles infection, measles genome was detected in all cell fractions, CD4, CD8, B cells, and monocytes/macrophages by the H gene nested PCR. Measles genome was also detected from cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) in patients with measles encephalitis, SSPE, and acute measles by the H gene nested PCR. PCR products of the N and H regions were sequenced and we confirmed the presence of measles genome. Based on the sequence data, chronological sequence differences were observed over the past 10 years. The sequences obtained from the SSPE patient were closely related to those of the wild viruses that were circulating at the time when the patient initially acquired measles. RT-PCR for NPS, PBMC, CSF, and plasma provides a useful method for the diagnosis of measles and molecular epidemiological study in addition to virus isolation.
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PMID:Detection of measles virus genome directly from clinical samples by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and genetic variability. 775 70

In situ reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification with labeled-probe hybridization (in situ RT-PCR/LPH) was used to detect measles virus RNA within formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue sections from a patient who died with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Many more infected neurons and oligodendrocytes were detected by in situ RT-PCR/LPH than by immunohistochemistry or by in situ hybridization alone. In addition, infection of vascular endothelial cells was demonstrated only by in situ RT-PCR/LPH. The observation that many cells contained only a few copies of viral RNA without detectable antigen is consistent with a persistent viral infection of the central nervous system. In situ RT-PCR/LPH, combining the sensitivity of PCR with the tissue localization of in situ hybridization, should prove useful in further studies to detect nucleic acids in situ in the central nervous system.
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PMID:Widespread, restricted low-level measles virus infection of brain in a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. 878 45

Eighty-three children presented at Goroka Base Hospital in the Eastern Highlands Province (EHP) of Papua New Guinea over a period of 3 years and 9 months between February 1997 and November 2000 were confirmed to have subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Confirmation of the diagnosis was based on the demonstration of high titres of measles antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid and/or serum in association with clinical features supportive of SSPE, including characteristic electroencephalographic changes and amplification of measles virus genome by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in some cases. The mean cerebrospinal fluid and serum enzyme immunoassay antibody levels among the SSPE patients were 38 250 and 860 580, respectively. The mean age of onset of SSPE was 7.9 +/- 2.6 years and ranged between 2 and 14 years. The overall male to female ratio was 1.2:1 and 1.4:1 for EHP.
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PMID:Clinical presentation of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Papua New Guinea. 1263 11

Measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE) is a disease of the immunocompromised host and typically occurs within 1 year of acute measles infection or vaccination. We report a 13-year-old boy who had chronic granulomatous disease and presented 38 days after stem cell transplantation with afebrile focal seizures that progressed despite multiple anticonvulsants. After an extensive diagnostic evaluation, brain biopsy was performed, revealing numerous intranuclear inclusion bodies consistent with paramyxovirus nucleocapsids. Measles studies including reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and viral growth confirmed measles virus, genotype D3. Immunohistochemistry was positive for measles nucleoprotein. Despite intravenous ribavirin therapy, the patient died. MIBE has not been described in stem cell recipients but is a disease of immunocompromised hosts and typically occurs within 1 year of measles infection, exposure, or vaccination. Our case is unusual as neither the patient nor the stem cell donor had apparent recent measles exposure or vaccination, and neither had recent travel to measles-endemic regions. The patient had an erythematous rash several weeks before the neurologic symptoms; however, skin biopsy was consistent with graft-versus-host disease, and immunohistochemistry studies for measles nucleoprotein were negative. As measles genotype D3 has not been seen in areas where the child lived since his early childhood, the possibility of an unusually long latency period between initial measles infection and MIBE is raised. In addition, this case demonstrates the utility of brain biopsy in the diagnosis of encephalitis of unknown cause in the immunocompromised host.
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PMID:A new complication of stem cell transplantation: measles inclusion body encephalitis. 1552 95

To investigate the molecular basis for measles virus persistence in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), the authors used a high-density oligonucleotide microarray, and found that the expression of granulysin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was significantly lower in the patients than in the controls. By a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, the mRNA levels of granulysin were decreased in 30 SSPE patients, and were increased in 7 measles patients, as compared to the 23 controls. These results imply that granulysin might play a role in the host defense against measles virus and possibly be involved in the pathogenesis or pathophysiology of SSPE.
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PMID:Gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis using oligonucleotide microarrays. 1603 10

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis(SSPE) is a progressive and fatal neurological illness without established treatment. As the precise mechanism how measles virus (MV) causes SSPE is still unknown, full clarification of pathogenesis and pathophysiology is essential to establish effective strategy to treat the illness. Viral, host and environmental factors are involved in the development of SSPE. As host factors, immaturity of immune system and central nervous system are well recognized. Recently, we demonstrated that functional polymorphisms of MxA, interleukin(IL)-4 and interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) genes are associated with the development of SSPE in Japanese. High-density oligonucleotide microarray and subsequent quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the mRNA levels of granulysin were decreased in SSPE patients and were increased in measles patients, suggesting that granulysin might play a role in the host defense against MV and possibly be involved in the pathogenesis or pathophysiology of SSPE. In a Turkish study, association between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and SSPE was shown.
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PMID:[Host genetic factors for the development of SSPE]. 1769 85