Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
 31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify, clone, and express eight DNA fragments encoding p25, p16, reverse transcriptase (RT) core, C'-terminal RT, N'- and C'-terminals of external (gp70), and transmembrane (gp40) envelope proteins from visna virus infectious recombinant DNA. Efforts were focused on characterizing the nature of the humoral immune response of ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) virus infected animals and identifying the conserved and prime-reactive antigenic determinants that have potential diagnostic value. This communication reports that the N'-terminal region of gp40 appeared to be the most immunoreactive of the bacterially expressed proteins and could serve as a sensitive immunodiagnostic antigen for the detection of OPP infection.
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PMID:Analysis of antibody response to ovine lentivirus by using viral gene products expressed in a prokaryotic system. 138 77

A new case of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis developed in the course of a persistent generalized lymphadenopathy syndrome is reported. The patient was a 30-year old Haitian woman with only her ethnic risk factor. Broncho-alveolar lavage showed high cellularity with mostly major lymphocytosis (76%) and a fall of the OK T4/OK T8 ratio to 0.23. The LAV was isolated from the lavage fluid lymphocytes on the same day and within the same culture time as from blood, using lymphocyte culture and measurement of reverse transcriptase activity in the supernatant fluid of cell cultures. This, together with the strongly positive (1/80) LAV serology in fluid as compared with blood (1/640), suggested that the LAV virus was directly or indirectly involved in the pneumonitis, being responsible for lymphocyte proliferation as it is in lymph nodes. No superinfection with a bacterial, fungal or other than LAV viral agent was found in blood or in lavage fluid. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis is uncommon in AIDS or ARC (13 cases reported), but its incidence no doubt is underestimated, as it may be latent. It certainly accounts for the high lymphocyte count observed in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid in the absence of superinfection and, most probably, for many cases of so-called "non-specific pneumonia". In 1986, patients with apparently primary lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis should be investigated for AIDS or ARC.
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PMID:[Lymphocytic interstitial pneumopathy in AIDS-related complex. Presence of the LAV virus in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid]. 294 80

In 1987, under the aegis of the governmental campaign against AIDS, military hospitals in Moscow established a department for the diagnosis and treatment of HIV-infected and AIDS patients among the military and their families. Clinical and laboratory examinations showed that 96 people out of 130 examined either were positive for HIV or were suffering from symptoms of AIDS. 77 were military from African countries, 15 from Russia, and 4 were their family members. Out of these 15 patients from Russia, 8 had been infected via sexual intercourse: 1 via homosexual and 7 via heterosexual intercourse. In 10 patients, HIV infection had been diagnosed 1-2 years after being infected, in 3 patients 3-6 years later, and in 2 patients more than 10 years afterwards. Every other patient exhibited symptoms of the second stage of AIDS: persistent generalized lymphadenopathy. 4 patients had lost body weight, 8 patients had prolonged fever, 2 had diarrhea, 4 had various dermatological symptoms, 4 had opportunistic infections, 5 had other infections (viral hepatitis, acute pneumonia, and salmonella), and 3 patients had other ailments (paranephritis, salpingoophoritis, endometritis, purulent otitis). The cases of 3 patients are described in detail. 4 out of 5 patients who were transferred to this special department demonstrated severe inflammatory processes as a consequence of their HIV-infection: paranephritis, pneumonia, purulent cholangitis, and salmonella. All patients also evinced damage to their immune system: the reduction of T-lymphocyte count and T-helper cells and the reduction of the index of T-helper/T-suppressor cells (to 0.31 from the norm of 1.1-2.2). The treatment of AIDS patients consisted of the use of azidothimidine, which inhibits the activity of reverse transcriptase; the stimulation of the immune system by means of timalin (10 mg for 5 days im); and treating secondary fungal infections (up to 8 million IU of nystatin/day, up to 4 million IU of levorin, and up to 200 mg of diflucan).
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PMID:[HIV infection in servicemen (the work experience of a specialized hospital department)]. 757 95

ICR mice were infected intranasally with Mycoplasma pulmonis isolated freshly from the lungs of a rat with pneumonia. We demonstrated with high reproducibility the expressions of messenger RNAs of cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN gamma) in the lung tissue of M. pulmonis-infected mice by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and confirmed specific mRNA of the cytokines by restriction endonuclease digestion. Both the viable population of M. pulmonis in the lung tissue and the titers of the neutralizing antibody in the serum increased between 7 and 21 days, and reached their maximum 35 days after infection. The pneumonia in mice progresses with the development of lung lesions after 7 days of infection. The early lesions are characterized primarily by neutrophils and edema in the alveolar spaces. mRNAs prepared from the lung tissue of M. pulmonis-infected and -uninfected mice were also tested for the presence of messages specific to TNF alpha and IFN gamma by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The expression of the genes encoding TNF alpha and IFN gamma was constitutively demonstrated from 24 hr through 35 days after the intranasal inoculation of M. pulmonis. Furthermore, cells of two types, adherent and nonadherent cells, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids obtained from the mice 3 weeks after inoculation of M. pulmonis were also found to express the genes of TNF alpha and IFN gamma respectively. These data suggest that these cytokines would play a role in both stimulation in the development of pathological changes in mycoplasmal infection, affecting the inflammatory responses.
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PMID:Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma in the lungs of Mycoplasma pulmonis-infected mice. 793 58

ICR mice were infected intranasally with Mycoplasma pulmonis isolated freshly from the lungs of the rats with pneumonia. We demonstrated with high reproducibility the expressions of messenger RNAs of cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the lung tissue of M. pulmonis-infected mice. Both the viable population of M. pulmonis in the lung tissue and the titers of the neutralizing antibody in the serum increased in 7 and 14 days, respectively, and reached their maxima in 35 days after infection. Macroscopical and microscopical lesions were evident in the lungs of the mice inoculated with M. pulmonis and sacrificed in 21 days after the inoculation. Microscopically, mild infiltration of mononuclear cells and neutrophils in peribronchial and perivascular spaces were observed. The alveolar septa were swollen with infiltration of these cells. Next, mRNAs prepared from the lung tissues of M. pulmonis-infected and -uninfected mice were tested for the presence of messages specific to TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The expression of the genes encoding TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma was constitutively demonstrated from 24h through 35 days after the intranasal inoculation of M. pulmonis. Furthermore, cells of two types, adherent and nonadherent cells, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids obtained from the mice 3 weeks after inoculation of M. pulmonis were found also to express the genes of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. These data suggest that these cytokines would play a role in both stimulation and inhibition in the development of pathological changes in mycoplasmal infection, affecting the inflammatory responses.
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PMID:[Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma in the lungs of Mycoplasma pulmonis-infected mice]. 831 7

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is an acute pneumonitis with a high mortality rate that is caused by a newly recognized hantavirus. Four Corners virus (also known as Muerto Canyon virus and Sin Nombre virus) is enzootic among deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Incidental transmission to humans can result in a disease characterized by rapidly progressive respiratory insufficiency, diffuse noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, vascular volume contraction with hemoconcentration, lactic acidosis, depressed cardiac output, and cardiac dysrhythmias preterminally. The onset of pulmonary edema is preceded by a prodrome of fever and severe myalgias. Characteristic laboratory abnormalities include thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis with prevalent immature myeloid cells, and the presence of immunoblastic lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Agent-specific diagnosis is based on the detection of Four Corners virus-specific antibodies in serum by Western blot assays and the detection of Four Corners virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Effective treatment depends on the rapid institution of intensive care support.
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PMID:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: clinical, diagnostic, and virologic aspects. 866 54

Chronic myelogenous leukemia is a clonal proliferative disorder of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. Cure may be achieved by myeloablative conditioning treatment and marrow transplantation. In addition, allogeneic marrow can exert a graft-versus-leukemia effect. The graft-versus-leukemia effect may be directed against leukemia-specific antigens or against antigens on all hematopoietic cells, or it can be part of a graft-versus-host reaction. We report an informative post-transplant course of a patient with yet another leukemia-specific effect. This patient was transplanted with marrow from his HLA-identical sister in an advanced phase of CML and developed acute and chronic GVHD. After a severe pneumonia a high proportion of his metaphases in the bone marrow were male and Philadelphia chromosome negative. Later all metaphases were again female and leukemic cells could not be detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis (RT-PCR) for BCR/ABL. This course indicates that normal hematopoietic stem cells may survive intensive chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation and GVHD. They may be recruited from a dormant state into proliferation during severe infections. In contrast, CML may be eliminated by the graft-versus-host reaction that recognizes recruited cells and spares dormant cells.
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PMID:Graft-versus-host reaction spares normal stem cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia. 870 5

The purpose of this study was to analyze the histological distribution of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified hantaviral cDNA in three cases of fatal hantaviral infection that occurred 2 years ago in Long Island, NY. The three otherwise healthy patients had a rapid death characterized by fever and pulmonary failure and were identified from the autopsy files at University Hospital, Stony Brook. Six autopsy controls with either no pulmonary disease (three) or fatal pneumonitis of known etiology (three) were also studied. PCR-amplified hantaviral cDNA was detected in the lung tissue of the three cases and none of the six controls using the reverse transcriptase in situ PCR technique. In the positive cases, viral RNA was detected in approximately 20% of pneumocytes and alveolar endothelial cells as determined with a consensus and Four Corners-specific primer pair. Infected endothelial cells were identified in a wide variety of other sites, but at rates much lower than in the lungs. The selective localization of the viral RNA in many pneumocytes and pulmonary endothelial cells using a highly sensitive PCR-based test demonstrates a correlation between direct viral infection in the lung and the disease process.
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PMID:Analysis of fatal pulmonary hantaviral infection in New York by reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction. 877 23

We examined the effect of bacterial pneumonia on the magnitude of circulating plasma HIV RNA in HIV-infected patients. Serum samples from 13 adult HIV-infected patients (median CD4 count = 83 cells/microl) were assayed for HIV RNA using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay (a) before bacterial pneumonia, (b) during the acute phase, and (c) after the recovery from the disease. Patients remained on constant antiretroviral therapy: HIV RNA was detected in all samples tested. The medians before, during, and after bacterial pneumonia were 60,000 copies per ml, 245,000 copies per ml, and 84,000 copies per ml, respectively. All 13 patients had increased HIV RNA levels on developing pneumonia. There was a decline in the level of HIV RNA with recovery from pneumonia in 12 of 13 patients. The difference between the HIV RNA levels before and after pneumonia was not significant, nor was there significant difference in the CD4 counts before and after pneumonia. In conclusion, bacterial pneumonia is associated with a consistent, transient increase in HIV RNA of variable magnitude in AIDS patients. Interpretation of HIV RNA changes for clinical management of AIDS patients must take into account this reversible elevation during infections.
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PMID:A study of HIV RNA viral load in AIDS patients with bacterial pneumonia. 879 82

T-helper 1 (Th1) Th2 kinetics were studied by immunohistochemistry and molecular biology techniques (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RT PCR, Southern-blot) during the course of pulmonary tuberculosis induced in BALB/c mice by the intratracheal instillation of the live and virulent strain H-37Rv. The histopathological study clearly showed two phases of the disease. The first one was an acute phase which was characterized by inflammatory infiltrate in the alveolar capillary interstitium, blood vessel and bronchial wall with formation of granulomas. In this acute phase which lasted from 1 to 28 days, a clear predominance of Th1 cells was observed, manifested by a high percentage of interleukin-2 (IL-2) positive cells in the inflammatory infiltrate and granulomas demonstrated by immunohistology, as well as a gradual increment of interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) m-RNA. This was followed by a chronic or advanced phase characterized by pneumonia, focal necrosis and fibrosis, with a Th0 balance due to an equivalent proportion of IL-2 and IL-4 positive cells in the lung lesions, that coincided with the highest level of INF-gamma and IL-4 mRNA. The cytofluorometric analysis of bronchial lavage cells, showed a predominance of CD4 T cells during the acute phase and CD8 T lymphocytes in the chronic phase, gamma-delta T lymphocytes showed two peaks, at the beginning (3 days) and at the end (4 months) of the infection. These results suggest that T-lymphocyte subset kinetics and the pattern of cytokines produced in the lung during tuberculosis infection changed over time and correlate with the type and magnitude of tissue injury.
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PMID:Correlation between the kinetics of Th1, Th2 cells and pathology in a murine model of experimental pulmonary tuberculosis. 891 Nov 36


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