Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eighty-three children presented at Goroka Base Hospital in the Eastern Highlands Province (EHP) of Papua New Guinea over a period of 3 years and 9 months between February 1997 and November 2000 were confirmed to have subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Confirmation of the diagnosis was based on the demonstration of high titres of measles antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid and/or serum in association with clinical features supportive of SSPE, including characteristic electroencephalographic changes and amplification of measles virus genome by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in some cases. The mean cerebrospinal fluid and serum enzyme immunoassay antibody levels among the SSPE patients were 38 250 and 860 580, respectively. The mean age of onset of SSPE was 7.9 +/- 2.6 years and ranged between 2 and 14 years. The overall male to female ratio was 1.2:1 and 1.4:1 for EHP.
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PMID:Clinical presentation of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Papua New Guinea. 1263 11

The case was a 32 years old female who contracted measles. Two days after the appearance of skin eruptions, ground-glass opacities and small nodular opacities were detected in both lung fields on a X-ray and a chest computed tomography (CT). CT seems to be a useful method to detect measles pneumonia. Pneumonia complicating measles may be caused by either the measles virus itself or by a secondary bacterial infection. Culture of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was negative for bacteria, acid-fast bacilli, and mycetes, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis did not detect mycoplasma, but reverse transcriptase PCR detected the measles virus. The demonstration of measles virus RNA in BALF by the reverse transcriptase PCR technique was useful for definitive diagnosis of measles pneumonia.
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PMID:[Diagnosis of adult measles pneumonia from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction]. 1293 80

Serological evidence of measles virus infection has been detected among people exposed to measles who do not exhibit classical clinical symptoms. Throat swabs, lymphocytes, and serum and urine samples were collected from contacts of individuals with confirmed measles 12-16 days after exposure, during measles outbreaks occurring in 1998. Follow-up serum samples were drawn 2 weeks later. Samples were tested for measles IgM antibody by enzyme immunoassays and plaque reduction neutralization testing. Virus isolation and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing was attempted for all samples. None of the 133 contacts developed classical measles disease; 11 (8%) had serological evidence of infection. Duration of exposure of >or=3 h was the only significant risk factor for developing serological response (24% vs. 4% among contacts exposed for 1-2 h; relative risk, 6.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-19.2). None of the 133 contacts had virological evidence of infection by culture or polymerase chain reaction. We found no evidence that persons with inapparent measles virus infections shed measles virus.
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PMID:Lack of evidence of measles virus shedding in people with inapparent measles virus infections. 1510 6

Dried blood spots collected on filter paper are considered potential clinical specimens for measles surveillance because of their ease of collection, storage, and transport. The usefulness of these samples for surveillance of measles was evaluated in a field setting. Blood spots were collected by finger-prick from 316 clinically diagnosed measles patients in suburban Khartoum, mostly within a week after onset of the rash. Samples were collected between October, 2000 and April, 2003, and stored at 4 degrees C. Measles virus-specific IgM antibodies were detected in 200 (63%) of the samples using an "in-house" IgM capture ELISA. For 201 samples reconstitution and IgM measurement was repeated 1 year after initial testing with essentially the same results, showing the stability of IgM in the filter paper under these conditions. In a limited number of samples (n = 38) measles virus-specific IgM was also tested with a commercial indirect IgM ELISA. Although the results of the two assays correlated well, the "in-house" IgM capture ELISA proved slightly more sensitive. Measles virus-specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplicons were obtained from 16 of 57 (28%) samples tested. Sequencing of the 3' 456 nucleotides of the nucleoprotein gene showed the continued endemic circulation of genotype B3 viruses identified previously in this region. Although problems related to limited sample quantities were encountered, the present study confirms the usefulness of dried blood spots for measles surveillance. The results also demonstrate that measles continues to be endemic in the Sudan.
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PMID:Surveillance of measles in the Sudan using filter paper blood samples. 1522 10

The quest for an infectious agent that may account for cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD) especially in young adults has proven vain until lately. We have recently reported findings that suggested the presence of measles virus (MV) antigens and MV RNA in the tissues of patients with HD. Support for an association between MV and HD has been provided by recent epidemiological findings relating the occurrence of HD to exposure to measles in pregnancy and the perinatal period. We now present further evidence of this putative association based on immunohistochemical, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridisation studies (ISH) on HD tissues. Biopsies from 82 (54.3%) of our cohort of 154 patients showed a positive immunostain with at least two of the anti-measles antibodies used. Latent membrane protein-1 immunostaining for Epstein-Barr virus was positive in 46 (31.1%) of the patients examined. Reverse transcriptase-PCR and ISH for measles RNA were positive in seven and 10 of 28 patients, respectively. Preliminary clinicopathological associations between MV and HD are noted in this study, but no causal relationship can be claimed at this stage.
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PMID:Measles virus: evidence of an association with Hodgkin's disease. 1522 78

Various factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Evidence for an infectious cause includes the 5-8% increased risk among those born in the winter-spring months, when infectious diseases are more prevalent and at times when other infections (measles, varicella, poliomyelitis) show increased activity. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has been implicated in schizophrenia as it has a tropism for the nervous system and is capable of replication in the brain. Although post-mortem studies of brain tissue of schizophrenic patients have failed to detect the virus, these studies have been hampered by the unknown cellular localization of HSV genomes and by attempting to detect the virus years after the symptom onset. A more recent, nested, case-control study evaluated pregnant women between 1959 and 1966 and identified 27 surviving offspring who were later diagnosed with schizophrenia. Analysis of stored blood samples showed an association between high levels of maternal antibody to HSV-2 and subsequent development of adult psychosis. No association was found between HSV-1 infection and psychosis. There is also evidence that human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) may play a role in schizophrenia, as antibodies to these agents have been found at a greater frequency in the sera of affected individuals compared with controls. This is supported by the presence of reverse transcriptase, a retroviral marker, at levels four times higher in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of people with recent onset schizophrenia compared with controls, and by its elevated presence in long-term schizophrenic patients. Further research to investigate the relationship between virus infection and schizophrenia is warranted.
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PMID:Viruses and schizophrenia: a focus on herpes simplex virus. 1531 94

Measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE) is a disease of the immunocompromised host and typically occurs within 1 year of acute measles infection or vaccination. We report a 13-year-old boy who had chronic granulomatous disease and presented 38 days after stem cell transplantation with afebrile focal seizures that progressed despite multiple anticonvulsants. After an extensive diagnostic evaluation, brain biopsy was performed, revealing numerous intranuclear inclusion bodies consistent with paramyxovirus nucleocapsids. Measles studies including reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and viral growth confirmed measles virus, genotype D3. Immunohistochemistry was positive for measles nucleoprotein. Despite intravenous ribavirin therapy, the patient died. MIBE has not been described in stem cell recipients but is a disease of immunocompromised hosts and typically occurs within 1 year of measles infection, exposure, or vaccination. Our case is unusual as neither the patient nor the stem cell donor had apparent recent measles exposure or vaccination, and neither had recent travel to measles-endemic regions. The patient had an erythematous rash several weeks before the neurologic symptoms; however, skin biopsy was consistent with graft-versus-host disease, and immunohistochemistry studies for measles nucleoprotein were negative. As measles genotype D3 has not been seen in areas where the child lived since his early childhood, the possibility of an unusually long latency period between initial measles infection and MIBE is raised. In addition, this case demonstrates the utility of brain biopsy in the diagnosis of encephalitis of unknown cause in the immunocompromised host.
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PMID:A new complication of stem cell transplantation: measles inclusion body encephalitis. 1552 95

The purpose of this study is to document three cases of fatal measles infection in children who ranged in age from 1 to 6 years old. In each case, there was a rapidly progressive illness marked by severe respiratory and central nervous system disease; in two cases, tonsillar herniation occurred. The lung tissues showed marked interstitial pneumonitis with diffuse endothelial cell and pneumocyte degeneration; occasional multinucleated giant cells were observed. Brain sections showed a paucicellular inflammatory infiltrate with diffuse neuronal damage. Measles nucleoprotein and measles RNA were detected in each case by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase (RT) in situ PCR, respectively. In the lung tissues, the viral protein and RNA localized primarily to pneumocytes and macrophages; infected endothelial cells were also evident. In the brain sections, the virus-infected cells cytologically had the appearance of neurons and microglial cells. The viral load, defined by the percentage of cells infected in a given field, was very high in the lung, spleen, and brain. Viral infection was associated with a marked increase in the number of cells expressing tumor necrosis factor alpha and concomitant reduction in the cells expressing suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS). It is concluded that measles infection should be in the differential diagnosis of a rapidly progressive illness in young children in the United States and that the pathogenesis is based, in part, on massive viral infection with up-regulation of cytokine expression that likely reflects, in part, down-regulation of inhibitors of cytokine mRNA receptor synthesis.
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PMID:Histologic and molecular correlates of fatal measles infection in children. 1590 93

Some cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, (CTCLs) clonal T cells are deficient in interferon signaling, making them promising targets for viral oncolysis. We evaluated cytopathic effects of measles virus (MV) in CTCL. CTCL cell lines and infiltrating lymphocytes in CTCL expressed MV receptors CD150 and CD46. In a phase 1 dose escalation trial a total of 16 injections of live MV, Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine strain, were given intratumorally to 5 patients with CTCL. Patients had antimeasles-serum antibodies and were pretreated with interferon-alpha to prevent uncontrolled virus spread. The well-tolerated treatment with MV resulted in clinical responses. Evaluation of biopsies, before and at 11 days after injection, by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated local viral activity with positive staining for MV nucleoprotein (NP), an increase of the interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)/CD4 and IFN-gamma/CD8 mRNA ratios and a reduced CD4/CD8 ratio. All patients demonstrated an increased antimeasles antibody titer after therapy. The data demonstrate that CTCLs are promising targets for an MV-based oncolytic therapy.
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PMID:Oncolytic measles virus in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas mounts antitumor immune responses in vivo and targets interferon-resistant tumor cells. 1596 18

Expansion of measles molecular surveillance to developing countries where measles is endemic will help facilitate measles control. Limited infrastructure in these areas is a barrier to referral of specimens suitable for measles virus (MV) genotyping. In this study, we demonstrate that oral fluid dried onto filter paper can be used for the detection and characterization of MV strains. Using this approach, an MV-positive sample by reverse transcriptase PCR could be obtained from 67% of serologically confirmed acute measles cases. Mimicking certain environmental conditions and duration of transportation established that MV RNA remained detectable and suitable for nucleic acid sequencing in oral fluid spots for at least 1 week. In the context of a measles outbreak in a remote region of the world where infrastructure is poor, oral fluid samples dried onto filter paper and sent to a specialized laboratory for testing will aid in the identification and characterization of the causative MV strain.
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PMID:Applicability of oral fluid collected onto filter paper for detection and genetic characterization of measles virus strains. 1600 Apr 27


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