Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Trefoil factor-1 (Tff1) expression is remarkably down-regulated in nearly all human gastric cancers. Therefore, we used the Tff1 knockout mouse model to detect molecular changes in preneoplastic gastric dysplasia. Oligonucleotide microarray gene expression analysis of gastric dysplasia of Tff1-/- mice was compared to that of normal gastric mucosa of wild-type mice. The genes most overexpressed in Tff1-/- mice included claudin-7 (CLDN7), early growth response-1 (EGR1), and epithelial membrane protein-1 (EMP1). Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry showed that Cldn7 was overexpressed in all 10 Tff1-/- gastric dysplasia samples. Comparison with our serial analysis of gene expression database of human gastric cancer revealed similar deregulation in human gastric cancers. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of human gastric adenocarcinoma samples indicated that, of these three genes, CLDN7 was the most frequently up-regulated gene. Using immunohistochemistry, both mouse and human gastric glands overexpressed Cldn7 in dysplastic but not surrounding normal glands. Cldn7 expression was observed in 30% of metaplasia, 80% of dysplasia, and 70% of gastric adenocarcinomas. Interestingly, 82% of human intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinomas expressed Cldn7 whereas diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinomas did not (P < 0.001). These results suggest that Cldn7 expression is an early event in gastric tumorigenesis that is maintained throughout tumor progression.
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PMID:Expression of tight-junction protein claudin-7 is an early event in gastric tumorigenesis. 1604 41

A 57-year-old Japanese man had type II c gastric cancer with marked lymph node metastases associated with leukocytosis and elevated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Total gastrectomy and distal pancreatectomy with lymph node dissection were performed. Although the primary lesion was negative for G-CSF by histopathological immunostaining, a highly increased G-CSF m-RNA level, measured using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in frozen sections, led to a diagnosis of G-CSF-producing gastric cancer. The leukocytes and G-CSF decreased immediately after surgery. He then had an intraabdominal recurrence, and was diagnosed with multiple tumors in his lung and brain, with abnormally elevated leukocytes and greatly increased G-CSF; he died 4 months after the surgery. Autopsy showed intraabdominal recurrence of cancer, with no metastases to the lung or brain, but with multiple brain and lung abscesses. We speculate that the excessively increased neutrophils induced by G-CSF infiltrated the lung and brain and formed abscesses, mimicking metastases.
Gastric Cancer 2005
PMID:Aggressive G-CSF-producing gastric cancer complicated by lung and brain abscesses, mimicking metastases. 1608 24

Prediction of peritoneal relapse is extremely important for gastric cancer patients after curative surgery. The present study prospectively validates the prognostic ability of quantifying carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA in peritoneal washes by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Based on a retrospective study of 197 curatively resected gastric cancer patients (training set), we determined a cutoff value of CEA mRNA using receiver-operating characteristic curve. We used this cutoff value to validate the risk of peritoneal recurrence in a new cohort of 86 gastric cancer patients (validation set) between July 2000 and December 2002 in a prospective study. During the median 30 months of postoperative surveillance, 20 of the 86 patients died, and 13 of the 20 developed peritoneal metastases. Peritoneal recurrence-free survival as well as overall survival was significantly worse in patients with positive CEA mRNA (P<0.0001). Multivariate analysis with the Cox proportional hazards model showed that positive CEA mRNA was a significant independent risk factor with both survival (P=0.0130) and peritoneal recurrence-free survival (P=0.0006) as end points. These results indicate that quantitation of CEA mRNA in peritoneal washes is a reliable prognostic indicator of peritoneal recurrence in the clinical setting.
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PMID:Prospective validation of quantitative CEA mRNA detection in peritoneal washes in gastric carcinoma patients. 1620 96

We had performed a global analysis of the gene expression of gastric cancer cell lines established from malignant ascites to identify the novel markers for the detection of micro-metastasis in peritoneal cavity. One of the up-regulated genes is Reg IV, which is a member of the Reg gene family belonging to calcium dependent lectin (C-type lectin) gene superfamily. But the role of Reg IV in peritoneal dissemination is still unclear. We have examined the potential of Reg IV as a novel marker for the detection of peritoneal micro-metastases of gastric cancer. Reg IV expression was examined by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Mean Reg IV mRNA expression levels in surgically resected specimens (n = 41) were more than 20-times higher than those in normal mucosa from those patients. Furthermore, Reg IV mRNA expression level in the peritoneal wash was strongly higher in peritoneal metastasis compared to those without peritoneal metastasis. These results suggest that Reg IV may be involved in peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancers and Reg IV would be a potential novel marker for peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancers.
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PMID:[Analysis of Reg IV expression in peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer using real-time RT-PCR]. 1631 15

We previously reported that MUC2 is a useful marker in the detection of lymph node micrometastasis (LMM) in gastric cancer. To improve the detection rate, we focused on a TFF1 gene. We used the duplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method with MUC2 and TFF1 genes to detect LMM in histologically node negative (pN0) early gastric cancer (EGC) and evaluated their effectiveness. A total of 310 lymph nodes from 33 patients with pN0 EGC were analyzed. All carcinoma specimens were positive for MUC2 and/or TFF1. The positive rate of TFF1 was significantly higher than MUC2 in the undifferentiated carcinoma specimens (p=0.002). The detection rate of duplex RT-PCR with MUC2 and TFF1 was higher than that of MUC2 or TFF1 alone. In mucosal cancer, 7 cases were positive for duplex RT-PCR. Of these 7 cases, 3 were MUC2-positive/TFF1-negative while 4 were MUC2-negative/TFF1-positive. LMMs were not detected in elevated-type primary mucosal cancers with a 20-30-mm diameter. The duplex RT-PCR assay with both MUC2 and TFF1 provides a higher LMM detection rate than either MUC2 or TFF1 alone, especially in mucosal gastric cancer. LMM detected in this manner may prove useful in broadening the indications for endoscopic mucosal resection in elevated-type cancer.
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PMID:Detection of lymph node micrometastasis in pN0 early gastric cancer: efficacy of duplex RT-PCR with MUC2 and TFF1 in mucosal cancer. 1682 Sep 24

Midkine (MK), a heparin-binding growth factor, can regulate cell growth, survival and differentiation. MK is expressed at high levels in a variety of human carcinomas. Recently, the urine and serum MK concentration was analyzed in gastric cancer patient. However, the association of the cytokine mRNA expression with the categorical clinicopathological variables of the tumors and the location of its protein expression in the tumor tissues are still elusive. MK mRNA expression from the surgically resected specimens of healthy gastric tissues (9 cases), gastric cancer tissues and the matched non-cancerous tissues adjacent to the cancer (37 cases) were assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to locate MK in gastric cancer. The expression of MK mRNA in gastric cancer was much higher in tumor tissues than that in the non-cancerous tissues and control tissue samples. And its expression was significantly associated with the pTNM stage and distant metastasis, but not with the differentiation grade, tumor size and nodal involvement. MK protein was ubiquitous in the tumor, especially in the adenoid part of tumors. In addition, it was found in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and highly concentrated in nucleus and nucleolus. The expression level and location of MK in gastric tumor tissues of Chinese patients may be related to the tumor genesis and progression. Further study is necessary on the mechanism of MK in gastric tumorigenesis and tumor growth.
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PMID:The expression and location of midkine in gastric carcinomas of Chinese patients. 1748 8

Identification of an isolated tumour cell with metastatic ability is important for predicting the recurrence and prognosis of gastric cancer. A biological marker for evaluating the metastatic ability of gastric cancer cells has not yet been identified. We assessed vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 mRNA expression by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 mRNA in peripheral blood was more highly expressed in perioperative metastasis-positive and postoperative recurrence cases than in normal control cases, early cancer cases and nonmetastatic advanced cancer cases. The peripheral blood vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 mRNA-positive group was associated with advanced clinical stage, deep invasion beyond the muscularis propria, lymphatic involvement, vascular involvement, lymph node metastasis, positive peritoneal lavage cytology, preoperative metastasis and postoperative recurrence. Flow cytometry analysis disclosed that vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 expressing cells in the peripheral blood were more abundant in cancer cases with metastases than in cases without metastases. Our data suggest that the amount of positive cells may provide information on the clinical features of gastric cancer, especially in regard to gastric cancer metastasis.
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PMID:Identification of the high-risk group for metastasis of gastric cancer cases by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 overexpression in peripheral blood. 1748 29

Helicobacter pylori infection leads to gastroduodenal inflammation, peptic ulceration, gastric lymphoma and gastric cancer. Certain herbal remedies have been used to treat gastric disease. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effect of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXT) and its main component baicalin on Helicobacter pylori-infected human gastric epithelial AGS cell. AGS cells were treated with Helicobacter pylori at a bacterium/cell ratio of 300:1. mRNA expression and protein levels were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and western blot analysis, respectively. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) level and the translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked DNA-protein interaction assay (ELDIA), respectively. Nitric oxide production was measured by Griess reagent. We found that SHXT and baicalin inhibited Helicobacter pylori-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enhancement and IkappaBalpha degradation in both mRNA and protein levels. SHXT and baicalin also inhibited Helicobacter pylori-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IL-8 mRNA expression, and decreased NO and IL-8 production. Furthermore, SHXT and baicalin inhibited nuclear translocation of p50 subunit of NF-kappaB in Helicobacter pylori-infected AGS cells. Based on the above findings, SHXT and baicalin might exert anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective effects in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammation.
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PMID:San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang inhibits Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation in human gastric epithelial AGS cells. 1753 3

Comparative expressed sequence hybridization (CESH) has recently been developed for global expression profiling at chromosome level. To improve its specificity and sensitivity, we examined the effects of cDNA amplification and labeling methods on CESH profiles, using a gastric cancer cell line, Kato III, and compared the CESH profiles to cDNA microarray and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) data. CESH results were scarcely affected by the amplification process, either at the RNA level with T7 polymerase or at the cDNA level with degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR (DOP-PCR). The labeling method, however, did remarkably affect the CESH results; false positive shifts of the test/reference ratio (T/R) were not detected in self-matched CESH with pre-cDNA labeling and random priming labeling of cDNA but were consistently seen with DOP-PCR labeling in 11 chromosomes. The use of cDNA deriving from mRNA either with pre-cDNA or random priming labeling gave results of higher detection sensitivity for regions of up- or downregulated expression and higher concordance with the microarray and RT-PCR data in the corresponding regions than with conventional CESH. This modification of CESH with random priming labeling was found feasible by its application to Kato III cells with and without 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment; the regions identified as epigenetically silenced included genes that were reportedly methylated in Kato III.
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PMID:Optimization of comparative expressed sequence hybridization for genome-wide expression profiling at chromosome level. 1755 71

Mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) is a microtubule (MT) depolymerase necessary for ensuring proper kinetochore MT attachment during spindle formation. To determine MCAK expression status and its clinicopathological significance, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used in 65 cases of gastric cancer. MCAK gene expression in cancer tissue was significantly higher than expression in non-malignant tissue (P<0.05). Elevated MCAK expression was significantly associated with lymphatic invasion (P=0.01) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.04). Furthermore, patients with high MCAK expression had a significantly poorer survival rate than those with low MCAK expression (P=0.008). Immunohistochemical study revealed that expression of MCAK was primarily observed in cancer cells. Additionally, a gastric cancer cell line (AZ521) that stably expressed MCAK was established and used to investigate the biological effects of the MCAK gene. In vitro results showed that cells transfected with MCAK had a high rate of proliferation (P<0.001) and increased migratory ability (P<0.001) compared to mock-transfected cells. This study demonstrated that elevated expression of MCAK may be associated with lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis. These characteristics may be due in part to the increased proliferative and migratory ability of cells expressing MCAK.
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PMID:Clinicopathological and biological significance of mitotic centromere-associated kinesin overexpression in human gastric cancer. 1765 72


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