Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although the diagnosis is rarely confirmed, enteroviruses are a common cause of meningitis. Coxsackie B is responsible for more than half of the cases of aseptic meningitis in infants less than 3 months old, but is less common as a cause of neurological disease in older persons. In addition to aseptic meningitis, Coxsackie B has been reported to cause a wide range of other neurological disorders, albeit rarely. The authors report a young adult with persistent Coxsackie B encephalitis that was heralded by focal seizures and evolved to intractable coma with multifocal myoclonus. The diagnosis was established by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on tissue obtained at brain biopsy. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral cultures and PCR were negative for enteroviruses. This case highlights unusual features of a persistent infection that could easily have been mistaken for a neurodegenerative or other noninfectious process. It also emphasizes the importance of performing brain biopsy on individuals with neurological disease of obscure nature.
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PMID:Persistent Coxsackie B encephalitis: Report of a case and review of the literature. 1716 66

Necrotizing encephalitis of the Yorkshire terrier is a chronic non-suppurative encephalitis that was reported in approximately 15 cases worldwide. We report the case of a 10-year-old female Yorkshire terrier with gross evidence of severe cortical degeneration and necrosis. Microscopically, affected areas were mainly located in the cortical white matter and in the mesencephalon without implication of the cerebellum. Cavitation necrosis, demyelination, gemistocytic astrocytosis, marked perivascular lymphocytic cuffing with a diffuse lymphocytic/histiocytic/gitter cell infiltration characterized the lesions. Immunohistochemical analysis identified the major infiltration of T lymphocytes and macrophages with implication of some cytotoxic lymphocytes and IgG-producing plasma cells; depositions of IgG in the affected white matter were also observed. Specific stains did not reveal fungal, protozoal or bacterial organisms and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis for distemper virus was also negative. The lympho-histiocytic inflammation suggests a T-cell-mediated and a delayed-type immune reaction as a possible pathogenic mechanism for this brain disorder.
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PMID:Severe necrotizing encephalitis in a Yorkshire terrier: topographic and immunohistochemical study. 1749 64

Clinical specimens from an encephalitis outbreak in the Lakhimpur area of Uttar Pradesh, India, were investigated for identification and characterization of the etiologic agent. IgM capture ELISA showed recent Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. JEV isolation was attempted from white blood cells (WBCs) separated from blood clots of 12 patients (9 IgM positive and 3 negative) by serial co-culturing with phytohemagglutinin P-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBMCs) obtained from pre-screened JEV sero-negative healthy individuals. JEV was isolated from two IgM-positive blood clots. Isolate 014178 was detected in WBCs and in the first passage of PBMCs by ELISA and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Isolate 014173 was detectable only after a second passage in PBMC co-culture. Sequence analysis of 346 nt of the C-prM region showed homology with JEV strain GP78. This is the first report on isolation of JEV from patient blood clots. Our study shows that the co-cultures of PBMCs separated from patient blood clots provide an additional source for JEV isolation.
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PMID:Detection and isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from blood clots collected during the acute phase of infection. 1816 37

To determine whether the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is present in vector ticks and mammalian hosts in Korea, we examined two tick species, Haemaphysalis longicornis (n = 548) and Ixodes nipponensis (n = 87), and the lungs or spleens of rodents Apodemus agrarius (n = 24) and wild boars (n = 16). Tick-borne encephalitis virus was detected in samples by reverse transcriptase (RT)-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), after which TBEV-positive samples were inoculated into BHK-21 cells and suckling mice. Tick-borne encephalitis virus genes were detected in 4 of 38 tick pools and 5 of 24 wild rodents. Suckling mice inoculated intracerebrally with TBEV-positive rodent samples showed signs of encephalitis at six days post-inoculation. The isolation of TBEV was confirmed by inoculating samples obtained from the brains of sick mice in cell culture. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the E genes of the TBEV isolates were clustered with the Western subtype (98% identity). This study suggests the possible occurrence of tick-borne encephalitis in Korea.
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PMID:Isolation of tick-borne encephalitis viruses from wild rodents, South Korea. 1824 Sep 70

New data were presented at the 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections that further support the importance of considering the neuroeffectiveness of antiretroviral drugs when designing treatment regimens. Two studies linked antiretroviral therapy that had estimates of better neuroeffectiveness with better global neuropsychologic outcomes in life. A third study linked estimates of better antiretroviral therapy neuroeffectiveness, particularly nonnucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, with a lower prevalence of HIV-associated brain pathology at death. Additional findings presented at the conference focused on the correlates of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and peripheral neuropathy. Supporting the concept that viral factors influence the pathogenesis of HAND, high frequencies of HAND were identified in people infected with HIV subtype D and in people infected with subtype B and having brain-specific mutations in V3 of gp160. Supporting the importance of host correlates of HAND, important data from a macaque study identified a strong link between a major histocompatibility complex class I allele, Mane-A*10, and simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. Supporting the importance of comorbidities in determining risk for HAND, high levels of lipopolysaccharide in blood, likely derived from the HIV-injured intestine and bacterial translocation, were linked to HAND. Coinfections with JC virus or Treponema pallidum were topics of other presentations, identifying a prognostic marker for PML (better CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses were associated with survival) and a diagnostic one for neurosyphilis (CXCL13 levels in CSF).
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PMID:Highlights of the 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Neurologic complications of HIV disease and their treatment. 1844 79

Six calves, aged between 55 days and 15 months, were presented between September and November 2006 with neurological signs including limb weakness and circling. Microscopical examination of the brain and spinal cord revealed the presence of non-suppurative encephalitis in all animals. Perivascular cuffing of lymphocytes and macrophages and diffuse gliosis was prominent in the cerebrum and degeneration and/or necrosis of neurons with vacuolation of the neuropil was present in the brainstem. Neuronal necrosis and neuronophagia were noted in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. The distribution of the lesions was closely related to the clinical signs displayed by each calf. Five calves presenting with astasia with low head carriage or torticollis had lesions throughout the central nervous system (CNS). The oldest calf displayed astasia caused by weakness of the "hindlimb" one word and had lesions largely restricted to the caudal spinal cord. Akabane virus (AKAV) antigens were detected immunohistochemically within neurons and axons in lesional tissue. Virus was not isolated from CNS tissue but the AKAV S gene was detected in this tissue from five calves by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). It is suggested that AKAV infection is likely to have occurred during the early life period in the calves of this study.
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PMID:Encephalomyelitis of cattle caused by Akabane virus in southern Japan in 2006. 1916 75

To investigate whether tick-borne encephalitis viruses (TBEVs) are present in South Korea, Korean ixodid ticks were tested for TBEV RNA. Ticks (n = 2460) were collected from wild and domestic animals or by flagging at forest and grassland in 12 regions of five provinces in 2005-06. Four species in two genera were identified, yielding 197 sample pools (1-20 ticks per pool); from these, 12 envelope protein gene fragments of TBEV were amplified by reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR). Ten of the 2104 adult ticks (0.4%) and two of the 356 nymph ticks (0.2%) were positive for the envelope (E) gene of TBEV. Twelve TBEV RNA-positive samples were detected in Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the E genes of the TBEV isolates were clustered with the Western European subtype (98% identity). This study suggests that TBEVs may exist in Korea.
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PMID:Molecular evidence for tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks in South Korea. 1923 10

West Nile virus (WNV) infection in humans can cause neurological deficits, including flaccid paralysis, encephalitis, meningitis, and mental status change. To better understand the neuropathogenesis of WNV in the peripheral and the central nervous systems (PNS and CNS), we used a mouse footpad inoculation model to simulate a natural peripheral infection. Localization of WNV in the nervous system using this model has suggested two routes of viral invasion of the CNS: axonal retrograde transport (ART) from the PNS and hematogenous diffusion via a breakdown in the blood-choroid-plexus barrier. C57BL/6J mice were treated with nocodazole, a microtubule inhibitor that blocks ART, prior to infection with WNV. Nocodazole-treated WNV-infected mice developed a viremia 1.5 log(10) greater than untreated WNV-infected control mice at days 3 to 4 post infection (PI). Although viremia was greater in nocodazole-treated mice, detection of virus in brain tissue (spinal cord, cortex, brainstem, and cerebellum), as measured by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), did not occur until day 7. At these later time points (7 and 9 days PI), nocodazole-treated WNV-infected animals attained viral titers in these tissues similar to titers in the untreated WNV-infected control animals. These results demonstrate that a single dose of nocodazole delays, but does not block, WNV infection of the brain.
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PMID:Nocodazole delays viral entry into the brain following footpad inoculation with West Nile virus in mice. 1944 94

Anti-ectoparasite vaccines offer attractive alternatives to the use of chemical pesticides, especially if they also control the pathogens that ectoparasites transmit. However, selection of suitable antigens is a major constraint on vaccine development. The recombinant tick cement protein, 64TRP, derived from the African brown ear tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, acts as a transmission-blocking vaccine in a mouse model of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) transmission, protecting immunised mice against lethal challenge with TBEV after exposure to infected ticks. 64TRP acts as a dual action vaccine, targeting both 'exposed' antigens in tick saliva and 'concealed' antigenic epitopes in the tick midgut. To assess further the suitability of 64TRP as a vaccine antigen, we examined the function (including localisation) of the protein, and its sequence variability. Histological profiles of normal hamster skin showed similarities between normal skin proteins in the epidermis (keratin) and dermis (collagen/reticulin) and the tick cement cone. Immuno-reactivity of anti-64TRP sera with hamster skin suggests a potential sequence similarity of 64P with host skin proteins and may reflect previously reported sequence similarities of 64P with skin keratin and collagen proteins. Variability in the N-terminal signal peptide and in the C-terminal glycine-rich amino acid repeats of 64P protein was detected; previous studies showed the C-terminal region to be immunologically non-protective. Using in situ hybridisation and quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR, 64P mRNA was detected in the types II and III salivary gland acini. The highest levels of 64P mRNA were observed in 1-day fed females, and 1- and 7-day fed males. Salivary glands of longer feeding females and unfed ticks as well as midguts of both sexes were negative. Early expression in tick salivary glands is consistent with previously published data that 64P is a cement protein, and contributes to its candidacy as a vaccine antigen. However, further studies are required to assess whether cross-reactivity with skin proteins may induce autoimmunity.
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PMID:Functional role of 64P, the candidate transmission-blocking vaccine antigen from the tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. 1948 Oct 86

Between 1993 and 1999, encephalitis caused by morbillivirus was diagnosed by immunohistochemistry and histology in six lynx (Lynx canadensis) and one bobcat (Lynx rufus) in the eastern Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Five of the six cases in lynx occurred within an 11-mo period in 1996-97. A second bobcat with encephalitis caused by unidentified protozoa and a nematode larva also had immunohistochemical evidence of neurologic infection by morbillivirus. The virus was identified as canine distemper virus (CDV) by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing in four of five animals from which frozen tissue samples were available, and it was isolated in cell culture from one of them. To our knowledge, this is the first report of disease caused by CDV in free-living felids in North America.
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PMID:Canine distemper virus-associated encephalitis in free-living lynx (Lynx canadensis) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) of eastern Canada. 1961 71


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