Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.7.49 (reverse transcriptase)
 31,746 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Zidovudine (Retrovir) is the only drug found to be useful for managing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. The drug is virostatic, ie, it prevents replication of HIV by inhibiting the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Zidovudine is well tolerated and provides short-term benefits by improving the quality of life and extending survival time. It is expensive and can be toxic, however, so its use requires close supervision. Zidovudine at present is approved only for patients with documented Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or with a CD4 count below 200/mm3. Other probable indications include HIV wasting syndrome, HIV dementia complex, oral candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma, the presence of early markers of HIV infection, and HIV-related symptomatic thrombocytopenia. A stepwise approach to initiating zidovudine therapy should include detailed counseling and close surveillance.
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PMID:Zidovudine for treating AIDS. What physicians need to know. 266 55

Adherence of yeast cells of Candida albicans to human oesophageal cells is greater when cells are grown in 500 mM D-galactose in comparison to D-glucose at the same concentration. Moreover, a 190 kDa mannoprotein (MP190) from a yeast cell wall preparation is highly expressed when cells are grown in the presence of galactose but less so in glucose. We now report on the identification of the MP190 and the isolation of its encoding gene. MP190 was purified, and three internal peptides were isolated and sequenced. Each of the three peptides showed significant homology (65-85%) with a glucoamylase (GAM1) from the yeast, Schwanniomyces occidentalis. In order to isolate the C. albicans homologue of GAM1 (GCA1), we probed a genomic library with a 0.9-kb internal fragment of the S. occidentalis GAM1 and isolated a 2.3-kb clone that corresponded to the 5' region of the gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was used to isolate the remainder of the open reading frame. GCA1 encodes a 946 amino acid protein containing three putative hydrophobic, membrane-spanning domains and 15 potential N-glycosylation sites. Both Gca1p and GAM1 are novel to the family of glycosyl hydrolases. Northern analysis indicated that GCA1 is transcribed to a greater extent in galactose than in sucrose or glucose. Also, using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, we observed expression of GCA1 in a rat model of oral candidiasis, indicating that Gca1p is expressed during disease development.
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PMID:Identification and cloning of GCA1, a gene that encodes a cell surface glucoamylase from Candida albicans. 1052 Jan 61

Therapy of HIV infection has undergone significant changes since the introduction of highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Mortality and the appearance of opportunistic infections have significantly been reduced. Diseases of the skin and adjacent mucous membranes often provide the first signs for HIV infection. The spectrum of dermatologic findings related to HIV includes a variety of cutaneous and mucocutaneous disorders. The most frequent diagnoses are oral candidiasis, mollusca contagiosa, oral hairy leuokoplakia, herpes zoster and herpes simplex, seborrheic dermatitis, and Kaposi's sarcoma. Incompatibility reactions to drugs are observed on a strikingly frequent basis in HIV infection. Such severe incompatibility reactions are much more frequent in HIV patients than in the normal population. Inducers often include sulfonamides, cotrimoxazole, tuberculostatics as well as nucleoside-type reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
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PMID:Dermatological diseases and signs of HIV infection. 1189 Nov 45

Development of a drug-resistant variant of HIV-1 has been one of the major concerns contributing to the transmission of the virus. A 40-year-old woman presented to the clinic with micosis and oral candidiasis. The subject was referred for HIV-1 diagnosis. Subsequent investigations revealed a very low CD4 T cell count (48 cell/microl blood) and high plasma HIV-1 RNA load (4.33 x 10(5) copy/ml). A 1.3-kb pol fragment was sequenced in virus collected from plasma and the vaginal compartment. Plasma virus had no mutation in reverse transcriptase and one mutation in protease (L63P). On the other hand vaginal virus contained L63P and M184V mutations in protease and reverse transcriptase, respectively. These mutations were accompanied by several other mutations in previously identified CTL epitopic regions of the two genes. In the absence of antiretroviral treatment, a drug-resistant mutant was thought to develop because of immune pressure. This is the first report describing the role of immune pressure in the development of a drug-resistant virus.
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PMID:Compartmentalization of drug resistance-associated mutations in a treatment-naive HIV-infected female. 1524 47

A major proportion of the global HIV infections is caused by group M of HIV-1 genotype and to date approximately nine subtypes (A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K) and 50 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) have been recognized. Recombinants between different HIV-1 group M subtypes are designated as CRF. The extension 'cpx', for complex, is given if the CRF consists of contributions from three or more different subtypes but the composition of the subtype is not given. The objective of this study was to present, for the first time an HIV-1 positive married couple infected with CRF06_cpx subtype in Izmir, Turkey. A 39-year-old male patient who admitted to hospital with the complaints of oral candidiasis and zona, was found to be anti-HIV positive. CD4+ T lymphocyte count was 21 cells/mm3 and plasma HIV-1 RNA level was 56.380 copies/ml. He reported unprotected heterosexual contact with multiple partners including African women during his stay in Saudi Arabia between 1996 and 2002. After his diagnosis, his 37-year-old wife was screened for HIV infection and she was also found anti-HIV positive, with CD4+ T cell count of 122 cells/mm3. However, her results of basal plasma HIV-1 RNA could not be obtained because of an internal control error. HIV-1 strains were analysed for subtyping, recombination and drug resistance mutations with pol gene region sequencing. HIV-1 sequences were subtyped as CRF06_cpx after phylogenetic analysis using neighbor-joining method. According to the recombination analysis, HIV-1 pol gene regions consisted of group M subtype G, A, D, and B in the male patient and G K, A, F, and D in the female patient. While L10I + L33F mutation associated with protease inhibitor (PI) resistance was detected in both of the patients, K219N mutation associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) resistance was detected only in the male patient. In conclusion, HIV-1 molecular epidemiology studies are important tools for tracking transmission patterns and the spread of CRF. Global monitoring of CRF subtypes is also important to supply data for HIV vaccine development studies. On the other hand, the detection of HIV-1 primary resistance mutations in antiretroviral naive patients suggested that the resistance testing should be an integral part of the management of HIV infection.
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PMID:[Molecular characterization of complex recombinant HIV-1 CRF06_cpx subtype detected in Turkey]. 2450 27