Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.7.48 (transcriptase)
 9,479 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human tear lipocalin [lipocalin 1 (lcn-1); von Ebner's gland protein] is a member of the lipocalin superfamily that is known to bind an unusual variety of lipophilic ligands. Because of its properties and its tissue-specific expression it has been suggested that lcn-1 might act as a physiological protection factor of epithelia. Overexpression of lcn-1 under certain disease conditions supported such a function. However, experimental investigations into its exact biological role and its mode of expression were impeded because lcn-1 was previously found to be produced only in serous glands. To overcome this problem we therefore sought a cell line that produced lcn-1 endogenously. Using reverse-transcriptase-mediated PCR analysis we found expression of lcn-1 in the human teratocarcinoma-derived NT2 precursor cells. Under normal conditions the production of lcn-1 is low. However, treatment of the cells with H(2)O(2) or FeSO(4), which typically induce lipid peroxidation, significantly enhanced the expression of lcn-1. Binding studies revealed that arachidonic acid and several lipid peroxidation products including 7beta-hydroxycholesterol, 8-isoprostane and 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid specifically bind to lcn-1. To investigate the physiological consequence of this observation we purified holo-(lcn-1) from culture medium and extracted the bound ligands. The presence of F(2)-isoprostanes in the extracts obtained from the fractions containing lcn-1 indicates that these typical lipid peroxidation products are indeed ligands of the protein in vivo. These results support the idea that lcn-1 acts as a physiological scavenger of potentially harmful lipophilic molecules; lcn-1 might therefore be a novel member of the cellular defence against the deleterious effects of oxidative stress.
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PMID:Human tear lipocalin acts as an oxidative-stress-induced scavenger of potentially harmful lipid peroxidation products in a cell culture system. 1133 44

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has chemoprotective properties in a variety of experimental cancer models. We have previously observed that dietary CLA inhibits colon tumorigenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats. In addition, our in vitro studies have shown that CLA inhibits DNA synthesis and induces apoptosis in HT-29 cells, the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system regulates the growth of HT-29 cells by an autocrine mechanism. The present study examined whether the growth inhibitory effect of CLA is related to changes in the IGF system in HT-29 cells. To determine whether CLA inhibits IGF-II production, HT-29 cells were incubated in serum-free medium in the presence of various concentrations of CLA. CLA decreased protein levels of both mature and pro IGF-II and IGF-II transcripts. Whereas exogenous IGF-I and IGF-II produced an increase in cell number, neither IGF-I nor IGF-II counteracted the negative growth regulatory effect of CLA. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis of total cell lysates revealed that CLA decreased IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) transcript and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. Immunoprecipitation/Western blot studies revealed that CLA inhibited IGF-I-induced phosphorylation of IGF-IR and insulin-receptor substrate (IRS)-1, recruitment of the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to IGF-IR, IGF-IR-associated PI3K activity, and phosphorylated Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 levels. In conclusion, the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis by CLA in HT-29 cells may be mediated in part by its ability to decrease IGF-II synthesis and to downregulate IGF-IR signaling and the PI3K/Akt and ERK-1/2 pathways.
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PMID:Conjugated linoleic acid downregulates insulin-like growth factor-I receptor levels in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. 1288 57