Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.7.48 (transcriptase)
 9,479 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A multiplex reverse-transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) procedure was developed for the simultaneous detection of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in preweaning pigs with diarrhoea. The membrane gene of PEDV and the nucleocapsid gene of TGEV were chosen as targets. The PCR products of PEDV and TGEV had molecular sizes of 412 and 612 base pairs, respectively. Primers from PEDV did not react with any TGEV tested and vice versa. In addition, the primers did not react with other pig viruses. The multiplex RT-PCR was able to detect 10 tissue culture-infective doses 50 per cent (TCID50)/ml of PEDV or TGEV with each of the primer sets for PEDV and TGEV, respectively. The RNAS of PEDV and TGEV were detected directly in intestinal and faecal samples from pigs infected experimentally with either virus. The results of the assay correlated well with the results of virus isolation. None of the five control specimens was positive. PEDV was detected in 10 intestinal and nine faecal samples, and among the nine positive faecal samples two were culture-negative. TGEV was also detected in 10 intestinal and nine faecal samples, and among the nine positive faecal samples, three were culture-negative.
Vet Rec 2000 May 27
PMID:Detection and differentiation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus in clinical samples by multiplex RT-PCR. 1087 84

The pattern of shedding of feline coronavirus (FCoV) was established in 155 naturally infected pet cats from 29 households over periods of up to five years. Viral RNA was detected in faeces by reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and plasma antiviral antibodies by immunofluorescence. The cats rarely shed FCoV in their saliva. Three patterns of FCoV shedding were observed. Eighteen of the cats shed virus continuously, so were persistent, and possibly lifelong, carriers; none of them developed feline infectious peritonitis. Fifty-six cats ceased shedding virus, although they were susceptible to reinfection, and 44 shed intermittently or were being continuously reinfected. Four of the cats were resistant to infection. Seventy-three per cent of the virus shedding episodes lasted up to three months and 95 per cent up to nine months. There was a correlation between shedding and antibody titre but the cats could remain seropositive for some time after they had ceased shedding virus. One-off testing for FCoV by RT-PCR is inappropriate. Identification of longterm carriers requires that a positive result be obtained by RT-PCR on faecal samples for at least eight consecutive months. A cat should be shown to be negative over five months, or to have become seronegative, to ensure that it has ceased shedding virus.
Vet Rec 2001 May 26
PMID:Use of a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for monitoring the shedding of feline coronavirus by healthy cats. 1140 Sep 84

In a case-control study of the infectious agents associated with natural outbreaks of respiratory disease in pheasants, 28 batches of birds from sites affected by disease and eight batches of birds from unaffected sites were examined by six veterinary laboratories in England, Wales and Scotland, and tested for mycoplasmas, other bacteria and viruses. Sinusitis was the commonest sign of disease and was associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as detected by PCR in the trachea (P < 0.05) and conjunctiva (P < 0.01). Sinusitis was also associated with pasteurella cultured from the sinus (P < 0.05), antibody to avian pneumovirus (APV) (P < 0.01) and avian coronaviruses as detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR (P < 0.05); there was no association between disease and APV as detected by PCR. Avian coronaviruses were the most common infectious agents detected. They were genetically close to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) but differed in their gene sequence from all the serotypes of IBV previously identified in domestic fowl, and serological tests with six known IBV types showed little cross reactivity. Mycoplasma species other than M gallisepticum were cultured in 18 batches of pheasants but, with the exception of Mycoplasma gallinaceum, were not associated with disease.
Vet Rec 2002 May 25
PMID:Infectious agents associated with respiratory disease in pheasants. 1205 35

The entire crop of 18,120 pheasants for the 2000 rearing season (May 8 to August 7) of one estate in the south of England was vaccinated at one day and five weeks of age with a turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) vaccine. Blood samples and oropharyngeal swabs were taken from the second week's hatching every three weeks throughout the growing season to assess the response of the birds. There was evidence of seroconversion in samples collected three weeks after vaccination, with positive titres being maintained in 33 per cent or more of the population up to at least 22 weeks of age. Positive titres were also recorded in samples taken on December 6 from shot birds between 22 and 30 weeks of age. Positive titres to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were identified in a high proportion of the poults as early as one day of age. Reverse-transcriptase PCR detected IBV-like virus and TRT of the same subtype as the TRT vaccine administered three weeks previously.
Vet Rec 2002 Sep 21
PMID:Response of pheasants to live attenuated turkey rhinotracheitis vaccine. 1237 89

The article focuses on the notion of a synthetic or semi-synthetic minimal cell, defined as a system that has the minimal and sufficient structural conditions for cellular life. It is emphasized that two complementary approaches are in principle possible, defined as "bottom-up" and "top-down" approaches. The first one aims at the construction of a minimal cell starting from scratch, and it is argued that a very serious bottle-neck to this pathway lies in the origination of specific macro-molecular sequences, as in nature those were constructed most likely by a particular contingent set of conditions. The top-down approaches utilize extant genes and enzymes, and the work in this case is based on the incorporation of the minimal and sufficient amount of such macromolecules into liposomes, as models for the shell of biological cells. The first phase of this ambitious project foresees the study of conditions under which complex molecular biology reactions takes place in the compartments of liposomes. Examples of these reactions are provided, for example, the production of RNA throughout Q-beta replicase in a self-reproducing vesicle system; or PC Reaction in phospholipid vesicles; or even the incorporation of ribosomes in liposomes, with the production of polypeptide chains. The use of giant vesicles is also illustrated. These systems, due to their large size, offer the advantage that by way of special micro-injection techniques, all sort of biochemical agents can be directly introduced in the compartment; and that the reaction can be followed by optical microscopy. In the final part of the article, the outlook of increasing the complexity of these liposome systems so as to arrive at first semi-synthetic cells is discussed.
Anat Rec 2002 Nov 01
PMID:Toward the engineering of minimal living cells. 1238 19

The vectors of bluetongue virus are certain species of Culicoides biting midges, and in the Mediterranean area Culicoides imicola has long been considered to be the only field vector. In Sicily an entomological and serological surveillance programme has been in operation since the autumn of 2000, which has shown that the prevalence and abundance of C. imicola is lower than in many other Italian regions. Moreover, in 2002, there were outbreaks of bluetongue in the absence of C. imicola, and in these regions bluetongue viral RNA was detected by means of a nested reverse-transcriptase PCR in wild-caught, non-blood-engorged, parous Culicoides pulicaris. Furthermore, bluetongue virus serotype 2 was isolated on five occasions from extracts of non-blood-engorged parous C. pulicaris by using embryonated hens eggs and BHK-21 cells as assay systems. These findings suggest that in parts of Italy and possibly in other areas of Europe, where C. imicola is absent or rare, C. pulicaris may act as a fully competent vector of bluetongue virus.
Vet Rec 2003 Jul 19
PMID:Identification of a novel bluetongue virus vector species of Culicoides in Sicily. 1289 65

The pattern of expression of cytokine mRNA in the lesions of anal furunculosis was evaluated in tissue biopsies from 15 dogs, and compared with the pattern in control skin samples from 24 dogs, by reverse-transcriptase PCR using canine cytokine-specific primers and a semi-quantitative multiplex PCR assay. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was detected in 11 of the 15 affected dogs but in only one of the controls, and interferon-gamma was detected in 14 of the affected dogs but none of the controls. In contrast, IL-4 was detected only in one of the affected dogs. Increased expression of mRNA for IL-1beta, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha, IL-8, IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta1 was detected in the biopsies from the lesions of anal furunculosis relative to the control tissues (P < 0.05).
Vet Rec 2003 Sep 20
PMID:Expression of cytokine mRNA in canine anal furunculosis lesions. 1453 66

Samples of serum, tissue and faeces from two pig herds in England were examined for hepatitis E virus by reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and a virus strain from each herd was partially sequenced. Eleven of 42 faecal samples and 16 of 21 tissue samples from two pigs were positive for the virus by RT-PCR. Analysis of two unique but closely related nucleotide sequences obtained from the two herds showed that the viruses clustered in genotype III (6) with a human strain of the virus from an autochthonously acquired case of acute hepatitis in the UK. An ELISA based on recombinant open reading frame 2 (ORF-2) was used to detect antibodies to hepatitis E virus in 256 pig sera from the UK; 85.5 per cent of the samples were positive, compared with 58 per cent of similar samples from Swedish pigs and 23.5 per cent of samples from Dutch pigs.
Vet Rec 2004 Feb 21
PMID:Evidence for the presence of hepatitis E virus in pigs in the United Kingdom. 1500 46

To analyze the molecular mechanisms of coronary vessel formation, we performed in vitro experiments on explant cultures of proepicardial organs (PEOs) excised from embryos taken from 9.5-day pregnant mice. When plated on coverglasses coated with rat tail collagen I, fibronectin, or laminin, PEO cells spread and formed an epithelial sheet. When PEOs were cultured on collagen gel in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS), small projections were seen around the explants 3 days after plating. Around day 6, cord-like structures began to grow from the explants, gradually elongating, increasing in number, and forming a branching network. Histological sections demonstrated that the cells migrated into the gel and formed tube-like structures similar to the vascular channels of the embryonic heart. The cells lining the lumen of the tube-like structures were positive for platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated that the expression of PECAM, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and smooth muscle 22-alpha (SM22alpha) was upregulated in association with the tube formation, whereas the expression of Flk-1, Flt-1, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was gradually downregulated. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was continuously expressed during the culture. These changes were not observed when PEOs were explanted without FCS. Furthermore, addition of any one or combinational addition of the growth factors, including bFGF, VEGF, or HGF, did not induce tube formation. These results suggest that PEOs contain precursor cells of coronary vasculature and that vasculogenesis may be simultaneously regulated by multiple factors.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2006 Jul
PMID:In vitro model for mouse coronary vasculogenesis. 1676 Dec 83

This case report describes the course of an outbreak of avian influenza on a Dutch turkey farm. When clinical signs were observed their cause remained unclear. However, serum samples taken for the monitoring campaign launched during the epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza in 2003, showed that all the remaining turkeys were seropositive against an H7 strain of avian influenza virus, and the virus was subsequently isolated from stored carcases. The results of a reverse-transcriptase pcr showed that a H7N3 strain was involved, and it was characterised as of low pathogenicity. However, its intravenous pathogenicity index was 2.4, characterising it as of high pathogenicity, suggesting that a mixture of strains of low and high pathogenicity may have been present in the isolate. The outbreak remained limited to three farms.
Vet Rec 2006 Sep 23
PMID:Outbreak of avian influenza H7N3 on a turkey farm in the Netherlands. 1699 95


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