Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.13.3 (histidine kinase)
 2,405 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mutations in the Arabidopsis ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) gene severely limit a plant's response to the gaseous hormone ethylene. ein3 mutants show a loss of ethylene-mediated effects including gene expression, the triple response, cell growth inhibition, and accelerated senescence. EIN3 acts downstream of the histidine kinase ethylene receptor, ETR1, and the Raf-like kinase, CTR1. The EIN3 gene encodes a novel nuclear-localized protein that shares sequence similarity, structural features, and genetic function with three EIN3-LIKE (EIL) proteins. In addition to EIN3, EIL1 orEIL2 were able to complement ein3, suggesting their participation in the ethylene signaling pathway. Overexpression of EIN3 or EIL1 in wild-type or ethylene-insensitive2 plants conferred constitutive ethylene phenotypes, indicating their sufficiency for activation of the pathway in the absence of ethylene.
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PMID:Activation of the ethylene gas response pathway in Arabidopsis by the nuclear protein ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 and related proteins. 921 35

Transposon tagging with modified maize Ds-GUS constructs was used to isolate genes induced by oxygen deprivation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Seedlings of 800 gene-trap (DsG) and 600 enhancer-trap (DsE) lines were grown on vertically positioned plates for 1 week, oxygen deprived for up to 24 h and stained for GUS activity. Oxygen deprivation induced intricate patterns of gene expression in seedlings of 65 lines. The insertion site and phenotypes of 15 lines were examined. Surprisingly, none of the insertions were into genes that encode known anaerobic polypeptides. Insertions were identified within or adjacent to genes encoding proteins of regulatory, enzymatic, mitochondrial protein import and unknown function, as well as adjacent to genes encoding a putative receptor-like kinase and putative sensor-histidine kinase. Four lines had significantly lower ADH activity after 24 h of oxygen deprivation and three of these showed reduced stress tolerance. Two lines with wild-type levels of ADH were low-oxygen intolerant. Paradoxically, several lines had significantly higher ADH activity after 12 h of oxygen deprivation but reduced stress tolerance. Caffeine treatment, which increased ADH specific activity in wild-type seedlings under aerobic conditions, was sufficient to increase GUS staining in seven of the 15 lines, providing evidence that these genes may be regulated by cytosolic calcium levels. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the Ds-GUS tagging system in the identification of genes that are regulated in response to oxygen deprivation and a calcium second messenger.
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PMID:Gene and enhancer trap transposable elements reveal oxygen deprivation-regulated genes and their complex patterns of expression in Arabidopsis. 1250 34

The plant hormone ethylene is perceived by a five-member family of receptors related to the bacterial histidine kinases. The Raf-like kinase CTR1 functions downstream of the ethylene receptors as a negative regulator of ethylene signal transduction. CTR1 is shown here to be associated with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum in Arabidopsis as a result of its interactions with ethylene receptors. Membrane association of CTR1 is reduced by mutations that eliminate ethylene receptors and by a mutation in CTR1 that reduces its ability to bind to the ethylene receptor ETR1. Direct evidence that CTR1 is part of an ethylene receptor signaling complex was obtained by co-purification of the ethylene receptor ETR1 with a tagged version of CTR1 from an Arabidopsis membrane extract. The histidine kinase activity of ETR1 is not required for its association with CTR1, based on co-purification of tagged ETR1 mutants and CTR1 after expression in a transgenic yeast system. These data demonstrate that CTR1 is part of an ethylene receptor signaling complex in Arabidopsis and support a model in which localization of CTR1 to the endoplasmic reticulum is necessary for its function. Additional data that demonstrate a post-transcriptional effect of ethylene upon the expression of CTR1 suggest that production of ethylene receptor signaling complexes may be coordinately regulated.
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PMID:Localization of the Raf-like kinase CTR1 to the endoplasmic reticulum of Arabidopsis through participation in ethylene receptor signaling complexes. 1282 58

Root growth and function are determined by the action of environmental stresses through specific genes that adapt root development to these restrictive conditions. We have defined in vitro conditions affecting the growth and recovery of Medicago truncatula roots after a salt stress. A dedicated macroarray containing 384 genes, based on a large-scale subtractive hybridization approach, was constructed and used to analyze gene expression during salt stress and recovery of root growth from this stress. Several potential regulatory genes were identified as being linked to this recovery process: a novel RNA-binding protein, a small G-protein homologous to ROP9, a receptor-like kinase, two TF IIIA-like and an AP2-like transcription factors (TF), MtZpt2-1, MtZpt2-2 and MtAp2, and a histidine kinase associated with cytokinin transduction pathways. The two ZPT2-type TFs were also rapidly induced by cold stress in roots. By analyzing transgenic M. truncatula plants showing reduced expression levels of both TFs and affected in their capacity to recover root growth after a salt stress, we identified potential target genes that were either activated or repressed in these plants. Overexpression of MtZpt2-1 in roots conferred salt tolerance and affected the expression of three putative targets in the predicted manner: a cold-regulated A (CORA) homolog, a flower-promoting factor (FPF1) homolog and an auxin-induced proline-rich protein (PRP) gene. Hence, regulatory networks depending on TFIIIA-like transcription factors are involved in the control of root adaptation to salt stress.
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PMID:Identification of regulatory pathways involved in the reacquisition of root growth after salt stress in Medicago truncatula. 1748 37

In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), ethylene is perceived by a receptor family consisting of five members. Subfamily 1 members ETHYLENE RESPONSE1 (ETR1) and ETHYLENE RESPONSE SENSOR1 (ERS1) have histidine kinase activity, unlike the subfamily 2 members ETR2, ERS2, and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE4 (EIN4), which lack amino acid residues critical for this enzymatic activity. To resolve the role of histidine kinase activity in signaling by the receptors, we transformed an etr1-9;ers1-3 double mutant with wild-type and kinase-inactive versions of the receptor ETR1. Both wild-type and kinase-inactive ETR1 rescue the constitutive ethylene-response phenotype of etr1-9;ers1-3, restoring normal growth to the mutant in air. However, the lines carrying kinase-inactive ETR1 exhibit reduced sensitivity to ethylene based on several growth response assays. Microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of gene expression support a role for histidine kinase activity in eliciting the ethylene response. In addition, protein levels of the Raf-like kinase CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1), which physically associates with the ethylene receptor ETR1, are less responsive to ethylene in lines containing kinase-inactive ETR1. These data indicate that the histidine kinase activity of ETR1 is not required for but plays a modulating role in the regulation of ethylene responses. Models for how enzymatic and nonenzymatic regulation may facilitate signaling from the ethylene receptors are discussed.
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PMID:Histidine kinase activity of the ethylene receptor ETR1 facilitates the ethylene response in Arabidopsis. 2246 98