Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:2.7.12.2 (MEK)
18,161 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) are activated by dual tyrosine and threonine phosphorylations in response to various stimuli, including phorbol esters. To define the mechanism of activation, recombinant wild-type 42-kDa MAP kinase (p42mapk) and a kinase-defective mutant of p42mapk (K52R) were used to assay both activator activity for p42mapk and kinase activity toward K52R in stimulated EL4.I12 mouse thymoma cells. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (10 min, 650 nM) stimulated a single peak of MAP kinase activator that was coeluted from Mono Q at pH 7.5 and 8.9 with K52R kinase activity. Both activities were inactivated by the serine/threonine-specific phosphatase 2A but not by the tyrosine-specific phosphatase CD45. Phosphorylation of K52R occurred specifically on Thr-183 and Tyr-185, as determined by tryptic phosphopeptide mapping in comparison with synthetic marker phosphopeptides. These findings indicate that phorbol ester-stimulated MAP kinase kinase can activate p42mapk by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylations, and that p42mapk thus does not require an autophosphorylation reaction.
...
PMID:The phorbol ester-dependent activator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p42mapk is a kinase with specificity for the threonine and tyrosine regulatory sites. 131 55

The p53 tumor suppressor protein is tightly regulated in the cell and is phosphorylated at multiple sites by several different protein kinases. We have investigated the phosphorylation of p53 by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, a protein kinase that plays a central role in mediating many mitogenic and differentiation signals. Recombinant wild-type mouse p53 was phosphorylated in vitro by activated recombinant p42-MAP kinase but not by inactive MAP kinase or by the activating protein, MAP kinase kinase. Phosphorylation of p53 by MAP kinase occurred at two N-terminal sites, threonine residues 73 and 83. Tryptic phosphopeptides of recombinant p53 phosphorylated in vitro by MAP kinase comigrated on two-dimensional maps with p53 from SV3T3 cells labeled in vivo with [32P]orthophosphate, suggesting that MAP kinase targets a site in p53 that is phosphorylated in the cell. Following serum stimulation of quiescent C57MG cells, two p53 kinases, which were resolved by chromatography on Mono Q, were stimulated 15-20-fold within 5 min. Each of these kinase activities co-eluted with myelin basic protein kinase activity and could be inactivated following treatment with protein phosphatase 2A, a serine/threonine phosphatase, or leukocyte antigen receptor, a protein tyrosine phosphatase, suggesting that these activities were members of the MAP kinase family. The two kinase activities from the lysates targeted the same phosphorylation sites on p53 as the purified recombinant MAP kinase. These protein kinase activities were also stimulated following exposure of the cells to ultraviolet radiation, but with slightly delayed kinetics. Phorbol ester treatment of SV3T3 cells led to increased phosphorylation of the peptide containing the residues targeted by MAP kinase. The data suggest that p53 may be phosphorylated by MAP kinase physiologically and that this interaction may be involved in the cell's response to UV exposure, growth factor stimulation, or transformation by oncogenes.
...
PMID:Phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 by mitogen-activated protein kinases. 751 Jul 6

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) plays a crucial role in various signal transduction pathways. ERK is activated by its upstream activator, MEK, via threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation. ERK activity in the cell is tightly regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Here we report the cloning and characterization of a novel dual specific phosphatase, HVH2, which may function in vivo as a MAP kinase phosphatase. The deduced amino acid sequence of HVH2 shows significant identity to the VH1-related dual specific phosphatase family. In addition, the N-terminal region of HVH2 also displays sequence identity to the cell cycle regulator, Cdc25 phosphatase. Recombinant HVH2 phosphatase exhibited a high substrate specificity toward activated ERK and dephosphorylated both threonine and tyrosine residues of activated ERK1 and ERK2. Immunofluorescence studies with an epitope-tagged HVH2 showed that the enzyme was localized in cell nucleus. Transfection of HVH2 into NIH3T3 cells inhibited the v-src and MEK-induced transcriptional activation of serum-responsive element containing promoter, consistent with the notion that HVH2 promotes the inactivation of MAP kinase. HVH2 mRNA showed an expression pattern distinct from CL100 (human homologue of mouse MKP1) and PAC1, two previously identified MAP kinase phosphatases. Our data suggest a possible role of HVH2 in MAP kinase regulation.
...
PMID:Isolation and characterization of a novel dual specific phosphatase, HVH2, which selectively dephosphorylates the mitogen-activated protein kinase. 753 68

The expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator, which plays a crucial role in tissue remodeling by controlling the synthesis of the broadly acting plasmin serine protease, is regulated by several tyrosine kinases. Since the actions of these tyrosine kinases is dependent on the activation of ras proteins, we undertook a study to identify signaling events downstream of ras responsible for the stimulation of urokinase promoter activity. Transient expression of an activated c-Ha-ras in OVCAR-3 cells, which do not harbor the mutated oncogene, led to a dose-dependent trans-activation of the urokinase promoter. A sequence residing between -2109 and -1964 was critical for the stimulation of the urokinase promoter by c-Ha-ras. Mutation of an AP-1 and a PEA3 site at -1967 and -1973, respectively, or the co-expression of a transactivation domain-lacking c-jun substantially impaired the ability of c-Ha-ras to stimulate urokinase promoter activity. The induction of the urokinase promoter by ras was completely blocked by expression of a dominant negative c-raf expression vector and substantially reduced in cells made to co-express a catalytically inactive mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. Further, the expression of an ERK1/ERK2-inactivating phosphatase (CL100) abrogated the stimulation of the urokinase promoter by c-Ha-ras. These data argue for a role of a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathway in the regulation of urokinase promoter activity by ras.
...
PMID:Involvement of a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in the regulation of urokinase promoter activity by c-Ha-ras. 755 39

Analysis of genes involved in yeast cell wall beta-glucan assembly has led to the isolation of EXG1, PBS2 and PTC1. EXG1 and PBS2 were isolated as genes that, when expressed from multicopy plasmids, led to a dominant killer toxin-resistant phenotype. The PTC1 gene was cloned by functional complementation of the calcofluor white-hypersensitive mutant cwh47-1. PTC1/CWH47 is the structural gene for a type 2C serine/threonine phosphatase, EXG1 codes for an exo-beta-glucanase, and PBS2 encodes a MAP kinase kinase in the Pbs2p-Hog1p signal transduction pathway. Overexpression of EXG1 on a 2 mu plasmid led to reduction in a cell wall beta 1,6-glucan and caused killer resistance in wild type cells; while the exg1 delta mutant displayed modest increases in killer sensitivity and beta 1,6-glucan levels. Disruption of PTC1/CWH47 and overexpression of PBS2 gave rise to similar beta-glucan related phenotypes, with higher levels of EXG1 transcription, increased exo-beta-glucanase activity, reduced beta 1,6-glucan levels, and resistance to killer toxin. Genetic analysis revealed that loss of function of the PBS2 gene was epistatic to PTC1/CWH47 disruption, indicating a functional role for the Ptc1p/Cwh47p phosphatase in the Pbs2p-Hog1p signal transduction pathway. These results suggest that Ptc1p/Cwh47p and Pbs2p play opposing regulatory roles in cell wall glucan assembly, and that this is effected in part by modulating Exg1p activity.
...
PMID:Regulation of cell wall beta-glucan assembly: PTC1 negatively affects PBS2 action in a pathway that includes modulation of EXG1 transcription. 756 87

A kinase cascade highly conserved throughout evolution, Raf/MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK)-->MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK)-->MAP kinase (MAPK)-->ribosomal S6 kinase (p90 RSK), is thought to play a crucial role in signal transduction from the membrane to the nucleus. In mammalian cells, this cascade is connected both to tyrosine kinase receptors and G protein-coupled receptors. Although the mode of activation at the receptor level differs, all mitogens activate the ubiquitously expressed isoforms of MAPK, p42 and p44. We have cloned, epitope tagged and expressed in fibroblasts, the Hamster MAPKK and p44 MAPK in order to analyze their time-course of activation, their subcellular localization, their regulatory phosphorylation sites and their role in cell cycle entry. We have demonstrated that MAPK activation was rapid, biphasic and persistent. The sustained phase of activation is only obtained with potent mitogenic agents, correlating with their ability to elicit cell cycle entry. Activation of MAPKK is also rapid and persistent but does not distinguish between mitogenic and non mitogenic factors, indicating that a distinction occurs at the MAPK level, probably by the action of specific phosphatases such as MAPK phosphatase MKP-1. Both isoforms of MAPK are translocated into the nucleus upon growth factor addition whereas the upstream activators (MAPKKK, Raf and MAPKK) remain cytoplasmic. MAPK translocation, together with the ability of MAPK to phosphorylate transcription factors, indicates that MAPK might constitute a relay between cytoplasmic and nuclear events. Finally we show that interfering with the MAP kinase cascade, by expressing either MAPK antisense, a MAPK dominant negative mutant or the MAPK specific phosphatase, MKP-1, suppresses the growth factor induced G0 to G1 transition. In addition, permanently activated versions of MAPKK reduce growth factor requirement, allow autonomous cell growth and induce tumor formation in nude mice. We therefore conclude that MAP kinase activation is both necessary and sufficient to trigger cell cycle entry.
...
PMID:[MAP kinase module: role in the control of cell proliferation]. 764 66

The precise role of the protein tyrosine phosphatase Syp in insulin signaling is not well understood. We previously reported that expression of catalytically inactive Syp phosphatase blocked stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase by insulin. In this study, we investigated the effect of dominant negative Syp on the intermediates in MAP kinase pathway. The expression of dominant negative Syp blocked the activation of MEK and raf-1 kinase in response to insulin and had no detectable effect on insulin-induced activation of p21ras. These data suggest that the target of the Syp phosphatase may reside in proteins immediately downstream of p21ras.
...
PMID:Expression of a catalytically inert Syp blocks activation of MAP kinase pathway downstream of p21ras. 767 89

Many tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors activate the MAP Kinase (MAPK) pathway by stimulating the activity of the RAF kinase. In some, but not all cell types, the expression of activated RAF is sufficient to induce constitutive MAPK activation. In BAC-1.2F5 macrophages the expression of virally activated RAF does not correlate with constitutive MAPK activation; on the contrary, growth factor-mediated stimulation of MAPK activity is suppressed in these cells. Suppression correlates with v-RAF expression, as MAPK activation is normal in a revertant cell line that stopped expressing v-RAF. Inhibition of MAPK activation is associated with lack of ERK-2 tyrosine phosphorylation, and is not due to the suppression of CSF-1-mediated MEK activation. Pretreatment with vanadate restores growth factor-stimulated activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of MAPK in v-RAF-expressing macrophages, indicating the involvement of a tyrosine phosphatase. Interestingly, v-RAF-expressing macrophages contain low constitutive levels of MKP-1 mRNA, an immediate early gene that encodes a MAPK-specific phosphatase and is induced in the parental cell line by CSF-1 treatment. The restoration of MAPK activation by vanadate pretreatment and the presence of MKP-1 mRNA in v-RAF-expressing macrophages raise the intriguing possibility that in macrophages RAF may be feeding back on the MAPK pathway by participating in the control of MKP-1 expression.
...
PMID:Suppression of growth factor-mediated MAP kinase activation by v-raf in macrophages: a putative role for the MKP-1 phosphatase. 770 Jun 43

Angiotensin II stimulates hypertrophic growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and activates many growth-promoting kinases such as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. A novel transcriptionally regulated phosphatase, MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), is induced by angiotensin II in VSMC and selectively dephosphorylates MAP kinase in vitro. Using actinomycin D and antisense oligonucleotides targeted to MKP-1, we demonstrate that MKP-1 regulates MAP kinase in VSMC. Both actinomycin D and MKP-1 antisense oligonucleotides inhibited MKP-1 mRNA expression and caused prolonged activation of the p42 and p44 MAP kinases as measured by in-gel-kinase assays and Western blot. For example, MAP kinase activity 120 min after angiotensin II treatment was 30% (range 25-35%), 79%, and 74% of maximum in control, actinomycin D-treated (3 micrograms/ml, 30 min), and antisense oligonucleotide-treated (300 nM, 6 h) cells, respectively. A sense oligonucleotide was without effect (34%). MKP-1 antisense oligonucleotides did not affect the activity of MEK indicating that sustained activation of MAP kinase was due to inhibition of MKP-1 expression. These findings demonstrate that inactivation of MAP kinase by angiotensin II is mediated predominantly by MKP-1, suggesting an important role for MKP-1 and other related phosphatases in the regulation of MAP kinases in VSMC.
...
PMID:Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase is regulated by the MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP-1) in vascular smooth muscle cells. Effect of actinomycin D and antisense oligonucleotides. 770 54

Ligation of membrane immunoglobulin M (mIgM) receptor in the Ramos B-cell line induced tyrosine phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including the adaptor protein. Shc. Phosphorylated Shc could be seen to associate with Grb2 in a complex which included hSOS. Inasmuch as hSOS is involved in p21ras activation, we also demonstrated that mIgM ligation activated a Ras-dependent kinase cascade in which sequential activation of Raf-1 and MEK-1 culminates in the activation of p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (ERK-2). The tumour promoter and protein kinase C agonist, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), also activated Raf-1, MEK-1, and MAP kinase in Ramos cells, but did not induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc or Shc/Grb2 association. Okadaic acid, another tumour promoter and serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor, activated p42 MAP kinase without activating Raf-1 or MEK-1, suggesting the existence of a serine/threonine phosphatase which directly regulates MAP kinase activity.
...
PMID:The membrane immunoglobulin receptor utilizes a Shc/Grb2/hSOS complex for activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in a B-cell line. 771 78


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---