Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.12.2 (MEK)
18,161 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To further our understanding of the functions of the major myelin proteins, myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP), and other myelin proteins, such as 2'3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), bovine brain myelin was extracted with Triton X-100, and protein complexes in the detergent-soluble fraction were isolated by coimmunoprecipitation and sucrose density gradient sedimentation. MBP, PLP, and the small isoform of MAG (S-MAG) were coimmunoprecipitated from the detergent-soluble fraction by anti-PLP, anti-MBP or anti-MAG monoclonal antibodies. Additionally, a 30 kDa phosphoserine-containing protein and two phosphotyrosine-containing proteins (M(r) 30 and 42 kDa) were found in the coimmunoprecipitates. The 42 kDa protein is probably p42MAPK, in that MAPK was shown also to be present in the immunoprecipitated complex. CNP, the small PLP isoform DM20, the large MAG isoform L-MAG, MOG, CD44, MEK, p44MAPK, and actin were not present in the immunoprecipitates, although they were present in the detergent-soluble fraction. Lipid analysis revealed that the PLP-MBP-S-MAG coimmunoprecipitated with some phospholipids and sulfatide but not cholesterol or galactosylceramide. However, the complex had a high density, indicating that the lipid/protein ratio is low, and it was retained on a Sepharose CL6B column, indicating that it is not a large membrane fragment. Given that MAG is localized mainly in the periaxonal region of myelin, where it interacts with axonal ligands, the PLP-MBP-S-MAG complex may come from these regions, where it could participate in dynamic functions in the myelin sheath and myelin-axonal interactions.
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PMID:Myelin proteolipid protein, basic protein, the small isoform of myelin-associated glycoprotein, and p42MAPK are associated in the Triton X-100 extract of central nervous system myelin. 1223 60

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its stable analog, alpha,beta-methylene ATP, activate the platelet P2X(1) ion channel, causing a rapid Ca(++) influx. Here, we show that, in washed apyrase-treated platelets, alpha,beta-methylene ATP elicits reversible extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) phosphorylation through a Ca(++)- and protein kinase C-dependent pathway. In contrast, high-performance liquid chromatography-purified adenosine diphosphate (ADP) did not trigger ERK2 phosphorylation. alpha,beta-Methylene ATP also activated the ERK2 pathway in P2X(1)-transfected HEK293 cells but not in cells expressing mutated P2X(1)delL nonfunctional channels. Because ATP released from the dense granules during platelet activation contributes to platelet aggregation elicited by low doses of collagen, and because collagen causes ERK2 phosphorylation, we have investigated the role of P2X(1)-mediated ERK2 activation in these platelet responses. We found that the antagonism of P2X(1) with ADP or desensitization of this ion channel with alpha,beta-methylene ATP both resulted in impaired ERK2 phosphorylation, ATP secretion, and platelet aggregation induced by low concentrations of collagen (< or = 1 microg/mL) without affecting the minor early dense granule release. Selective MEK1/2 inhibition by U-0126 and Ca(++) chelation with EGTA (ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid) behaved similarly, whereas the PKC inhibitor GF109203-X totally prevented collagen-induced secretion and ERK2 activation. In contrast, when elicited by high collagen concentrations (2 microg/mL), platelet aggregation and secretion no longer depended on P2X(1) or ERK2 activation, as shown by the lack of their inhibition by alpha,beta-methylene ATP or U-0126. We thus conclude that mild platelet stimulation with collagen rapidly releases ATP, which activates the P2X(1)-PKC-ERK2 pathway. This process enhances further degranulation of the collagen-primed granules allowing platelet aggregation to be completed.
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PMID:P2X(1)-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 contributes to platelet secretion and aggregation induced by collagen. 1223 62

We have generated transgenic mice overexpressing the human P2X(1) ion channel in the megakaryocytic cell lineage. Platelets from transgenic mice exhibited a gain of P2X(1) ionotropic activity as determined by more prominent P2X(1)-mediated Ca(2+) influx and platelet shape change. P2X(1) overexpression enhanced platelet secretion and aggregation evoked by low doses of collagen, convulxin, or the thromboxane A(2) mimetic U46619. In contrast, transgenic platelet responses to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or thrombin were normal. Perfusing whole blood from transgenic mice over collagen fibers at a shear rate of 1000 seconds(-1) resulted in increased P2X(1)-dependent aggregate formation and phosphatidylserine exposure. Platelet hyperreactivity to collagen was correlated with up-regulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) phosphorylation. Accordingly, the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 potently inhibited the collagen-induced aggregation of transgenic platelets when stirred or when perfused over a collagen surface. In a viscometer, shear stress caused potent aggregation of transgenic platelets under conditions in which wild-type platelets did not aggregate. In an in vivo model of thromboembolism consisting of intravenous injection of a low dose of collagen plus epinephrine, transgenic mice died more readily than wild-type mice. Preinjection of U0126 not only fully protected transgenic mice against thrombosis, it also enhanced the survival of wild-type mice injected with a higher collagen dose. Hence, the platelet P2X(1) ion channel plays a role in hemostasis and thrombosis through its participation in collagen-, thromboxane A(2)-, and shear stress-triggered platelet responses. Activation of the ERK2 pathway is instrumental in these processes.
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PMID:Overexpression of the platelet P2X1 ion channel in transgenic mice generates a novel prothrombotic phenotype. 1252 92

Extracellular regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2) is a eukaryotic protein kinase whose activity is regulated by mitogenic stimuli. To gain insight into the catalytic properties of ERK2 and to complement structure-function studies, we undertook a pre-steady state kinetic analysis of the enzyme. To do this, ERK2 was quantitatively activated by MAPKK1 in vitro by monitoring the stoichiometry and site specificity of phosphorylation using a combination of protein mass spectrometry, tryptic peptide analysis, and (32)P radiolabeling. Using a quench-flow apparatus, MgATP(2-) was rapidly mixed (<1 ms) with both ERK2 and the protein substrate EtsDelta138 in the presence of a saturating total concentration (20 mM) of magnesium ion at 27 degrees C and pH 7.5. An exponential burst of product was observed over the first few milliseconds that followed mixing. This burst had an amplitude alpha of 0.44 and was followed by a slower linear phase. The pre-steady state burst is consistent with two partially rate-limiting enzymatic steps, which have the following rate constants: k(2) = 109 +/- 9 s(-1) and k(3) = 56 +/- 4 s(-1). These are attributed to rapid phosphorylation of EtsDelta138 and the process of product release, respectively. Single-turnover experiments provided an independent determination of k(2) (106 +/- 25 s(-1)). The observed catalytic constant (k(cat)(obs)) was found to be sensitive to the concentration of ERK2. The data fit a model in which ERK2 monomers form dimers and suggest that both the monomeric and dimeric forms of ERK2 are active with catalytic constants (k(cat)) of 25 and 37 s(-1), respectively. In addition, the model suggests that in the presence of saturating concentrations of both magnesium and substrates ERK2 subunits dissociate with a dissociation constant (K(d)) of 32 +/- 16 nM.
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PMID:Two rate-limiting steps in the kinetic mechanism of the serine/threonine specific protein kinase ERK2: a case of fast phosphorylation followed by fast product release. 1456 89

We have demonstrated that magnolol suppressed thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) formation in A23187-stimulated rat neutrophils. Maximum inhibition was obtained with about 10 microM magnolol. Magnolol was more effective in the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity than in the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity as assessed by means of enzyme activity determination in vitro and COX and 5-LO metabolic capacity analyses in vivo. Magnolol alone stimulated cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) phosphorylation and the translocation of 5-LO and cPLA2 to the membrane, and evoked arachidonic acid (AA) release. Recruitment of both 5-LO and cPLA2 to the membranes was suppressed by EGTA. Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3), a PLA2 inhibitor, bromoenol lactone (BEL), a Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) inhibitor, and EGTA suppressed the magnolol-induced AA release. However, none of the follows affected magnolol-induced AA-release: 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole (SB203580), a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis(2-aminophenylthio)butadiene (U0126), a MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, or 2-[1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-maleimide (GF109203X), a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. In addition, magnolol at 30 microM did not stimulate the p38 MAPK and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) enzyme activities. These results indicated that magnolol inhibits the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in A23187-stimulated rat neutrophils, probably through a direct blockade of COX and 5-LO activities. The stimulatory effects of magnolol at high concentration on the membrane association of 5-LO and cPLA2 are attributable to the elevation of [Ca2+]i, and on the AA release is likely via activation of cPLA2 and iPLA2.
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PMID:Mechanisms of the influence of magnolol on eicosanoid metabolism in neutrophils. 1510 36

Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) has been shown to regulate gene expression in the cellular response to environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. However, the signal transduction mechanism of ATF2 activation by UV is not as yet completely understood. In the present study, we provide evidence showing that UVC-stimulated phosphorylation of ATF2 (Thr71) was to varying degrees prevented by a dominant negative mutant of p38beta kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2). The phosphorylation was also suppressed by PD98059, an MEK inhibitor, or H89, a potent inhibitor of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1), and a C- or N-terminal 'kinase-dead' mutant of MSK1 (MSK1-Cd or MSK1-Nd). Furthermore, co- immunoprecipitation experiments revealed a potential intracellular signaling complex consisting of ATF2 and ERKs and/or MSK1. In vitro kinase assays revealed that ERK1, ERK2 and MSK1, like p38 kinase and JNK2, directly phosphorylate ATF2 at Thr71, but addition of RSK2 or Akt1 had almost no effect. Active kinase immunoprecipitated by an MSK1, ERKs or p38 antibody from an extract of JB6 cells irradiated by UVC can directly phosphorylate ATF2 at Thr71, suggesting UVC induces a direct phosphorylation of ATF2 by ERKs or MSK1. Overall, our results reveal that MSK1 and ERKs, like p38 kinase and JNKs, are required for ATF2 phosphorylation (Thr71) in the UVC response.
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PMID:Involvement of ERKs and mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase in UVC-induced phosphorylation of ATF2 in JB6 cells. 1519 15

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades are multifunctional signaling networks that influence cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and cellular responses to stress. Since the activation/propagation of MAPK signaling requires the sequential phosphorylation of many downstream proteins, the phosphatases that dephosphorylate MAPKs represent critical elements in the control of MAPK-signaling networks. Here we show that hypoxia induces a transient increase in the activity of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK-1), a MAPKKK that responds to oxidative stress by triggering cascades leading to the phosphorylation/activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38-MAPK. Hypoxia-induced ASK-1/MKK-4/JNK signaling is suppressed by serine/threonine protein phosphatase type 5 (PP5), which acts to turn off ASK-1/MKK-4/JNK signaling via two mechanisms. First, in a rapid response hypoxia facilitates the association of endogenous PP5 with ASK-1. PP5 binds to the C-terminal domain of ASK-1, and studies with siRNA targeting PP5 indicate that PP5 acts to suppress the phosphorylation of MKK4 (Thr-261), JNK (Thr-183/Tyr-185), and c-Jun (Ser-63) without affecting the activating phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (Thr-180/Tyr-182), p44/p42-MAPK/ERK1/2 (Thr-202/Tyr-204), or c-Jun protein levels. If hypoxia is prolonged, the expression of PP5 is increased due to the activation of a transcriptional activator, which was identified as hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Together, these studies indicate that PP5 plays an important role in the survival of cells in a low oxygen environment by suppressing a hypoxia-induced ASK-1/MKK4/JNK signaling cascade that promotes an apoptotic response.
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PMID:Ser/Thr protein phosphatase 5 inactivates hypoxia-induced activation of an apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1/MKK-4/JNK signaling cascade. 1532 43

In our previous investigations, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MEK2)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) signaling pathway was found to be correlated with the cell dissociation induced by dissociation factor (DF) in pancreatic cancer cells. In this study, the expressions of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphorylated EGFR (p-EGFR), and its downstream kinases MEK1/2 and ERK1/2, were analyzed to clarify the regulatory mechanism of cell dissociation in pancreatic cancer cells. Two hamster (PC-1.0 and PC-1) and two human (AsPC-1 and Capan-2) pancreatic cancer cell lines were used. Immunocytochemical study was performed using anti-EGFR, p-EGFR, phosphorylated MEK1/2 (p-MEK1/2), and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) antibodies. DF-treatment markedly induced the expressions of EGFR, p-EGFR, p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, as well as the dissociation of cell colonies in PC-1 and Capan-2 cells. In contrast, AG1478 (an EGFR inhibitor) treatment significantly induced the cell aggregation in PC-1.0 and AsPC-1 cells which usually grew as single cells, but strongly suppressed the expressions of EGFR, p-EGFR, p-MEK1/2, and p-ERK1/2. These observations demonstrate that activation of EGFR is closely involved in cell dissociation in pancreatic cancer through activating MEK/ERK signaling pathway.
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PMID:Relationship between activation of epidermal growth factor receptor and cell dissociation in pancreatic cancer. 1549 19

In our previous study, dissociation factor (DF) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MEK2) were isolated as factors relating to cancer cell dissociation in pancreatic cancer cells. On the other hand, tight junction protein zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) has been indicated to be involved in carcinogenesis. In this study, the expression of ZO-1 and a downstream kinase of MEK2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), was analyzed to clarify the regulatory mechanism of cell dissociation in pancreatic cancer cells. Two hamster (PC-1.0 and PC-1) and two human (AsPC-1 and CAPAN-2) pancreatic cancer cell lines were used. Immunocytochemical study was performed using anti-ZO-1, ERK2, and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) antibodies. DF treatment obviously disrupted ZO-1 expression at the sites of cell-cell contact and markedly induced ERK2 and p-ERK1/2 expression, as well as the dissociation of cell clones in PC-1 and CAPAN-2 cells. In contrast, U0126 (a MEK1/2 inhibitor) treatment significantly induced the peripheral distribution of ZO-1 as well as cell aggregation in PC-1.0 and AsPC-1 cells, which usually grew as single cells, but seriously suppressed ERK2 and p-ERK1/2 expression. We conclude that redistribution of ZO-1 is closely correlated with cell dissociation status in pancreatic cancer cells through activation of ERK2.
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PMID:Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) redistribution is involved in the regulation of cell dissociation in pancreatic cancer cells. 1611 Aug 28

In chick skeletal muscle cell primary cultures, we previously demonstrated that 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2D3], the hormonally active form of vitamin D, increases the phosphorylation and activity of the extracellular signal-regulated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase isoforms ERK1 and ERK2, their subsequent translocation to the nucleus and involvement in DNA synthesis stimulation. In this study, we show that other members of the MAP kinase superfamily are also activated by the hormone. Using the muscle cell line C2C12 we found that 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 within 1 min phosphorylates and increases the activity of p38 MAPK. The immediately upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 3/6 (MKK3/MKK6) were also phosphorylated by the hormone suggesting their participation in p38 activation. 1Alpha,25(OH)2D3 was able to dephosphorylate/activate the ubiquitous cytosolic tyrosine kinase c-Src in C2C12 cells and studies with specific inhibitors imply that Src participates in hormone induced-p38 activation. Of relevance, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 induced in the C2C12 line the stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activating protein kinase 2 (MAPKAP-kinase 2) and subsequent phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in a p38 kinase activation-dependent manner. Treatment with the p38 inhibitor, SB203580, blocked p38 phosphorylation caused by the hormone and inhibited the phosphorylation of its downstrean substrates. 1Alpha,25(OH)2D3 also promotes the phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNK 1/2), the response is fast (0.5-1 min) and maximal phosphorylation of the enzyme is observed at physiological doses of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 (1 nM). The relative contribution of ERK-1/2, p38, and JNK-1/2 and their interrelationships in hormonal regulation of muscle cell proliferation and differentiation remain to be established.
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PMID:MAP kinases p38 and JNK are activated by the steroid hormone 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 in the C2C12 muscle cell line. 1621 81


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