Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.12.2 (MEK)
18,161 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To investigate the molecular basis of the hypertrophic action of angiotensin II (AII) in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC), we have examined the ability of the hormone to regulate the function of the translational repressor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). Addition of AII to quiescent aortic SMC potently increased the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 as revealed by a decreased electrophoretic mobility and an increased phosphate content of the protein. The stimulation of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation was maximal at 15 min and persisted up to 120 min. Results from affinity chromatography on m7GTP-agarose demonstrated that AII-induced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 promotes its dissociation from eIF4E in target cells. Further characterization of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation by phosphoamino acid analysis and phosphopeptide mapping revealed that 4E-BP1 is phosphorylated on eight distinct peptides containing serine and threonine residues in AII-treated cells. The combination of results obtained from kinetics experiments, phosphopeptide analysis of in vitro and in vivo phosphorylated 4E-BP1, and pharmacological studies with the MAP kinase kinase inhibitor PD 98059 provided strong evidence that the MAP kinases ERK1/ERK2 are not involved in the regulation of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in aortic SMC. Together, our results demonstrate that AII treatment of vascular SMC leads to hyperphosphorylation of the translational regulator 4E-BP1 and to its dissociation from eIF4E by a MAP kinase-independent mechanism.
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PMID:Angiotensin II stimulates phosphorylation of the translational repressor 4E-binding protein 1 by a mitogen-activated protein kinase-independent mechanism. 902 Jan 7

Incubating either Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells or 3T3-L1 adipocytes with insulin increased the phosphorylation of the eIF-4E-binding protein, PHAS-I. Insulin also activated p70S6K and the Erk-1 and Erk-2 isoforms of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase). However, the concentrations of the hormone needed to activate MAP kinase were 10-100 times higher than those needed to increase PHAS-I phosphorylation and p70S6K activity. Incubating cells with the inhibitor of MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activation, PD 098059, blocked the effects of low concentrations of insulin on PHAS-I and p70S6K. The effects of the inhibitor were overcome by increasing concentrations of insulin. The results indicate that insulin activates a PD 098059-sensitive kinase that is involved in the regulation of both p70S6K and PHAS-I.
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PMID:Insulin activates a PD 098059-sensitive kinase that is involved in the regulation of p70S6K and PHAS-I. 920 40

The synergism between insulin and prolactin (PRL) in their effect on protein synthesis in the mammary gland was studied in differentiating mammary epithelial CID-9 cells. Both hormones were needed to induce phosphorylation of PHAS-I which resulted in its dissociation from the eIF-4E translation initiation factor. This step is crucial for the initiation of translation. The induction of PHAS-I phosphorylation was rapid and its rate matched that demonstrated for the JAK2/STAT5a and the binding of STAT5a to its DNA binding motif. However, 120 min was needed for complete phosphorylation of the PHAS-I protein. In the presence of insulin, PRL induced MAP kinase activity, initiated at a comparable rate to that of PHAS-I phosphorylation. However, a line of evidence suggested that although this kinase phosphorylates PHAS-I in vitro, it does not actively participate in its phosphorylation in vivo: (a) the level of insulin needed to enable PRL-induced ERK-1/ERK-2 activation was one order of magnitude higher than that needed for PHAS-I phosphorylation; and (b) PD 098059, a MEK-1 inhibitor, completely inhibited insulin-dependent, PRL-induced ERK-1/ERK-2 activation but had no effect on the PRL-induced PHAS-I phosphorylation. In contrast, wortmannin, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3'-kinase) inhibitor and the immunosuppressant rapamycin abrogated PHAS-I phosphorylation and caused a reciprocal shift between the fully phosphorylated PHAS-I gamma form and its non-phosphorylated alpha form. Since the partly phosphorylated PHAS-I beta form was not significantly affected by these inhibitors, it is possible that more than a single kinase mediates the synergistic effect of prolactin and insulin on PHAS-I phosphorylation.
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PMID:Prolactin and insulin synergize to regulate the translation modulator PHAS-I via mitogen-activated protein kinase-independent but wortmannin- and rapamycin-sensitive pathway. 1058 Aug 37

Recent studies have shown that during apoptosis protein synthesis is inhibited and that this is in part due to the proteolytic cleavage of eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G). Initiation of translation can occur either by a cap-dependent mechanism or by internal ribosome entry. The latter mechanism is dependent on a complex structural element located in the 5' untranslated region of the mRNA which is termed an internal ribosome entry segment (IRES). In general, IRES-mediated translation does not require eIF4E or full-length eIF4G. In order to investigate whether cap-dependent and cap-independent translation are reduced during apoptosis, we examined the expression of c-Myc during this process, since we have shown previously that the 5' untranslated region of the c-myc proto-oncogene contains an IRES. c-Myc expression was determined in HeLa cells during apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. We have demonstrated that the c-Myc protein is still expressed when more than 90% of the cells are apoptotic. The presence of the protein in apoptotic cells does not result from either an increase in protein stability or an increase in expression of c-myc mRNA. Furthermore, we show that during apoptosis initiation of c-myc translation occurs by internal ribosome entry. We have investigated the signaling pathways that are involved in this response, and cotransfection with plasmids which harbor either wild-type or constitutively active MKK6, a specific immediate upstream activator of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), increases IRES-mediated translation. In addition, the c-myc IRES is inhibited by SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK. Our data, therefore, strongly suggest that the initiation of translation via the c-myc IRES during apoptosis is mediated by the p38 MAPK pathway.
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PMID:c-Myc protein synthesis is initiated from the internal ribosome entry segment during apoptosis. 1064 1

In PC12 phaeochromocytoma cells, protein synthesis is activated by epidermal and nerve growth factors (EGF and NGF). EGF and NGF also regulate a number of components of the translational machinery in these cells. Here we show that the ability of EGF and NGF to induce the phosphorylation of the 70 kDa ribosomal protein, S6 kinase, and the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF), 4E-binding protein 1, is dependent upon the presence of amino acids (but not glucose) in the medium. This resembles the regulation of these proteins by insulin, which also requires amino acids. Glucose, but not amino acids, is required for the activation of eIF2B by EGF and NGF. In contrast, EGF and NGF can still activate protein synthesis in the absence of nutrients, suggesting that other regulatory events are important in this. In nutrient-deprived cells, an increase in the phosphorylation of eIF4E, and the assembly of the eIF4F complex by EGF and NGF, coincided with the activation of protein synthesis. In serum-starved cells, activation of protein synthesis, phosphorylation of eIF4E, and formation of the eIF4F complex, were blocked by inhibition of MEK, a component of the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signalling pathway. Thus the ERK pathway plays a key role in the regulation of protein synthesis in PC12 cells.
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PMID:Glucose and amino acids modulate translation factor activation by growth factors in PC12 cells. 1074 69

Stimulation of serum-starved human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells with either the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), or insulin resulted in increases in the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and p70 S6 kinase, eIF4F assembly, and protein synthesis. All these effects were blocked by rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B were activated by insulin but not by TPA. Therefore TPA can induce eIF4F assembly, protein synthesis, and the phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase and 4E-BP1 independently of both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B. Using two structurally unrelated inhibitors of MEK (PD098059 and U0126), we provide evidence that Erk activation is important in TPA stimulation of eIF4F assembly and the phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase and 4E-BP1 and that basal MEK activity is important for basal, insulin, and TPA-stimulated protein synthesis. Transient transfection of constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase interacting kinase 1 (the eIF4E kinase) indicated that inhibition of protein synthesis and eIF4F assembly by PD098059 is not through inhibition of eIF4E phosphorylation but of other signals emanating from MEK. This report also provides evidence that increased eIF4E phosphorylation alone does not affect the assembly of the eIF4F complex or general protein synthesis.
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PMID:Distinct signalling pathways mediate insulin and phorbol ester-stimulated eukaryotic initiation factor 4F assembly and protein synthesis in HEK 293 cells. 1075 34

The phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a potent stimulator of Erk, leads to the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and its dissociation from eIF4E. In contrast to agonists such as insulin, this occurs independently of PKB activation. In this report, we investigate the mechanism by which TPA regulates 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. Treatment of HEK293 cells with TPA was found to result in the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 at Ser(64), Thr(69), and Thr(36/45). The TPA-stimulated phosphorylation of all these sites is sensitive to inhibitors of MEK and to the inhibitor of mTOR, rapamycin, indicating that inputs from both mTOR and MEK are required for the regulation of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation by TPA. Indeed, evidence is presented that mTOR may initially be required for the phosphorylation of Thr(45) in a priming step, which is necessary for the subsequent phosphorylation of Ser(64) and Thr(69) through an Erk-dependent pathway. Overexpression of constitutively active MEK in HEK293 cells resulted both in the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 at Ser(64) and Thr(36/45) and its release from eIF4E. In this case, the phosphorylation of these sites was also blocked by inhibitors of MEK or by rapamycin. In conclusion, the Erk pathway, via mechanisms also requiring mTOR, regulates the phosphorylation of multiple sites in 4E-BP1 in vivo and this is sufficient for the release of 4E-BP1 from eIF4E.
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PMID:The extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway regulates the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 at multiple sites. 1179 19

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) both promotes survival and activates protein synthesis in neurons. In the present paper, we investigate the effect of IGF-1 treatment on cap-dependent translation in primary cultured neuronal cells. IGF-1 treatment increased the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), exclusively at Thr-36 and Thr-45 residues, and eIF-4G phosphorylation at Ser-1108. In contrast, a significant eIF-4E dephosphorylation was found. In parallel, increased eIF-4E/4G assembly and protein synthesis activation in response to IGF-1 treatment were observed. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor wortmannin and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin, but not the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activating kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059, reversed the IGF-1-induced effects observed on eIF-4E/4G assembly and phosphorylation status of 4E-BP1, eIF-4E, and eIF-4G. Therefore, our findings show that the IGF-1-induced regulation of cap-dependent translation is largely dependent on the PI-3K and mTOR pathway in neuronal cells.
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PMID:Regulation of cap-dependent translation by insulin-like growth factor-1 in neuronal cells. 1185 25

Meiotic maturation of mammalian oocytes (transition from prophase I to metaphase II) is accompanied by complex changes in the protein phosphorylation pattern. At least two major protein kinases are involved in these events; namely, cdc2 kinase and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, because the inhibition of these kinases arrest mammalian oocytes in the germinal vesicle (GV) stage. We show that during meiotic maturation of bovine oocytes, the translation initiation factor, eIF4E (the cap binding protein), gradually becomes phosphorylated. This substantial phosphorylation begins at the time of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and continues to the metaphase II stage. The onset of eIF4E phosphorylation occurs in parallel with a significant increase in overall protein synthesis. However, although eIF4E is nearly fully phosphorylated in metaphase II oocytes, protein synthesis reaches only basal levels at this stage, similar to that of prophase I oocytes, in which the factor remains unphosphorylated. We present evidence that a specific repressor of eIF4E, the binding protein 4E-BP1, is present and could be involved in preventing eIF4E function in metaphase II stage oocytes. Recently, two protein kinases, called Mnk1 and Mnk2, have been identified in somatic cells as eIF4E kinases, both of which are substrates of MAP kinase in vivo. In bovine oocytes, a specific inhibitor of cdk kinases, butyrolactone I, arrests oocytes in GV stage and prevents activation of both cdc2 and MAP kinase. Under these conditions, the phosphorylation of eIF4E is also blocked, and its function in initiation of translation is impaired. In contrast, PD 098059, a specific inhibitor of the MAP kinase activation pathway, which inhibits the MAP kinase kinase, called MEK function, leads only to a postponed GVBD, and a delay in MAP kinase and eIF4E phosphorylation. These results indicate that in bovine oocytes, 1) MAP kinase activation is only partially dependent on MEK kinase, 2) MAP kinase is involved in eIF4E phosphorylation, and 3) the abundance of fully phosphorylated eIF4E does not necessarily directly stimulate protein synthesis. A possible MEK kinase-independent pathway of MAP kinase phosphorylation and the role of 4E-BP1 in repressing translation in metaphase II oocytes are discussed.
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PMID:Regulation of translation during in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes: the role of MAP kinase, eIF4E (cap binding protein) phosphorylation, and eIF4E-BP1. 1196 87

Stimulation of human colon cancer cells with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) induces expression of the VEGF gene, encoding vascular endothelial growth factor. In this article we demonstrate that exposure of HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells to IGF-1 induces the expression of HIF-1 alpha, the regulated subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor 1, a known transactivator of the VEGF gene. In contrast to hypoxia, which induces HIF-1 alpha expression by inhibiting its ubiquitination and degradation, IGF-1 did not inhibit these processes, indicating an effect on HIF-1 alpha protein synthesis. IGF-1 stimulation of HIF-1 alpha protein and VEGF mRNA expression was inhibited by treating cells with inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and MAP kinase signaling pathways. These inhibitors also blocked the IGF-1-induced phosphorylation of the translational regulatory proteins 4E-BP1, p70 S6 kinase, and eIF-4E, thus providing a mechanism for the modulation of HIF-1 alpha protein synthesis. Forced expression of a constitutively active form of the MAP kinase kinase, MEK2, was sufficient to induce HIF-1 alpha protein and VEGF mRNA expression. Involvement of the MAP kinase pathway represents a novel mechanism for the induction of HIF-1 alpha protein expression in human cancer cells.
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PMID:Insulin-like growth factor 1 induces hypoxia-inducible factor 1-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor expression, which is dependent on MAP kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in colon cancer cells. 1214 54


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