Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.12.2 (MEK)
18,161 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

p44erk1 is a member of a family of tyrosyl-phosphorylated and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that participate in cell cycle control. A full-length erk1 cDNA was isolated from a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2) library. The erk1 cDNA clone shared approximately 96% predicted amino acid identity with partial sequences of rodent erk1 cognates, and the erk1 gene was assigned to human chromosome 16 by hybrid panel analysis. Human erk1 expressed in Escherichia coli as a glutathione S-transferase fusion (GST-Erk1) protein was substantially phosphorylated on tyrosine in vivo. It underwent further autophosphorylation in vitro (up to 0.01 mol of P per mol) at the regulatory Tyr-204 site and at additional tyrosine and serine residues. Threonine autophosphorylation, presumably at the regulatory Thr-202 site, was also detected weakly when the recombinant kinase was incubated in the presence of manganese, but not in the presence of magnesium. Before and after cleavage of the GST-Erk1 protein with thrombin, it exhibited a relatively high level of myelin basic protein phosphotransferase activity, which could be reduced eightfold by treatment of the kinase with the protein-tyrosine phosphatase CD45, but not by treatment with the protein-serine/threonine phosphatase 2A. The protein-tyrosine kinase p56lck catalyzed phosphorylation of GST-Erk1 at two autophosphorylations sites, including Tyr-204, and at a novel site. A further fivefold stimulation of the myelin basic protein phosphotransferase activity of the GST-Erk1 was achieved in the presence of a partially purified MAP kinase kinase from sheep platelets. Under these circumstances, there was primarily an enhancement of the tyrosine phosphorylation of GST-Erk1. This MAP kinase kinase also similarly phosphorylated a catalytically compromised version of GST-Erk1 in which Lys-71 was converted to Ala by site-directed mutagenesis.
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PMID:Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of the human mitogen-activated protein kinase p44erk1. 768 43

Ligation of the B cell Ag receptor (BCR) activates a protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) and CD45 protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase)-dependent signaling cascade that results in the activation of Ras. This pathway of Ras activation can operate independently of protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Activation of Ras may lead to two distinct Ras-dependent pathways involving either a Raf1/MEK/MAPK module or a MEKK/SEK/SAPK module; however, it is unclear as to how Ras controls the independent activation of either of these pathways. We have used genistein and phenylarsine oxide (PAO) as inhibitors of PTK and PTPase, respectively, to investigate whether they regulate the BCR- and Ca2+/PKC-dependent activation of the Ras/Raf1/MEK/MAPK module. Assays of phosphotransferase activities conducted with Ag (TNP6-OVA)-specific 7.9 murine B lymphoma cells demonstrated that BCR-mediated stimulation of the Raf1/MEK/MAPK module is controlled by PTK and PTPase activities. An elevation in [Ca2+]i was required to optimally activate Raf1 and MEK through the BCR. However, when signaling through the BCR was bypassed by direct stimulation of the Raf1/MEK/MAPK module via a rise in [Ca2+]i and phorbol ester-induced PKC activation, the phosphotransferase activities of Raf1, MEK and MAPK were still regulated in a PTK-dependent manner that was also partially sensitive to the PTPase inhibitor PAO. Thus, at least two alternate routes, i.e. a BCR/PTK/Ras-dependent route and another PKC/Ca(2+)-dependent route, may converge at the level of Raf1 for activation of the Raf1/MEK/MAPK module in B cells.
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PMID:Regulation of BCR- and PKC/Ca(2+)-mediated activation of the Raf1/MEK/MAPK pathway by protein-tyrosine kinase and -tyrosine phosphatase activities. 864 50

Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) significantly influences renal cellular function through the induction of several gene products. The molecular mechanisms involved in gene regulation by IL-1beta are poorly understood; however, the appearance of novel tyrosine phosphoproteins in IL-1beta-treated cells suggests that IL-1beta may function through tyrosine phosphoprotein intermediates. The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are tyrosine phosphoproteins that could potentially mediate the effects of IL-1beta. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation following IL-1beta treatment may be dependent on redox changes since the IL-1beta receptor is not a protein-tyrosine kinase and oxidation has been shown to induce tyrosine phosphorylation. In this report we demonstrate that conditioning human glomerular mesangial cells with IL-1beta results in the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of two members of the MAP kinase family, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2) and p54 Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). This effect of IL-1beta is abrogated by pretreating cells with the antioxidants N-acetyl-L-cysteine or dithiothreitol. Furthermore, the effects of IL-1beta on ERK and JNK activation are reproduced by treating mesangial cells with membrane-permeable oxidants. IL-1beta and oxidants also cause phosphorylation and activation of the upstream ERK regulatory element MAP kinase kinase. Interestingly, IL-1beta, but not exogenous oxidants, causes phosphorylation of the upstream JNK activator, JNK kinase. These data indicate that IL-1beta activates ERK2 through an oxidation-dependent pathway. Exogenous oxidants and IL-1beta activate JNK through different upstream mechanisms; however, antioxidant inhibition of JNK activation indicates that endogenous oxidants may play a role in IL-1beta-induced JNK activation. Thus IL-1beta may affect mesangial cell function by activating MAP kinases, which can then regulate gene transcription. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species released during inflammatory glomerular injury may also affect mesangial function through a MAP kinase signal.
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PMID:Interleukin-1beta induction of mitogen-activated protein kinases in human mesangial cells. Role of oxidation. 909 44

This study was performed to investigate a mechanism of angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated activation of the fibronectin (FN) gene in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Actinomycin D and CV11974 completely inhibited Ang II-mediated increase in FN mRNA levels. Inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK), phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, Ras, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, p70 S6 kinase, and Ca2+/calmodulin kinase also decreased Ang II-induced activation of FN mRNA. In contrast, cycloheximide; PD123319; or inhibitors of Gi, protein kinase A, or mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase did not affect the induction. FN promoter contained a putative AP-1 binding site (rFN/AP-1; -463 to -437), and the results of a transient transfection and electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that Ang II enhanced rFN/AP-1 activity. CV11974 and inhibitors of PKC or PTK suppressed Ang II-mediated increases in rFN/AP-1 activity, although neither PD123319 nor a protein kinase A inhibitor affected the induction. Furthermore, mutation of rFN/AP-1 that disrupted nuclear binding suppressed Ang II-induced transcription in the native FN promoter (-1908 to +136) context. Thus, Ang II activates transcription of the FN gene through the Ang II type 1 receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells, at least in part, via the activation of AP-1 by a signaling mechanism dependent on PKC and PTK.
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PMID:Mechanism of angiotensin II-mediated regulation of fibronectin gene in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. 975 84

Our previous works demonstrated that ligands of macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR) induce protein kinases (PKs) including protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) and up-regulate urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression (Hsu, H. Y., Hajjar, D. P., Khan, K. M., and Falcone, D. J. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 1240--1246). To continue to investigate MSR ligand-mediated signal transductions, we focus on ligands, oxidized low density lipoprotein (OxLDL), and fucoidan induction of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1). In brief, in murine macrophages J774A.1, OxLDL and fucoidan up-regulate TNF production; additionally, fucoidan but not OxLDL induces IL-1 secretion, prointerleukin 1 (proIL-1, precursor of IL-1) protein, and proIL-1 message. Simultaneously, fucoidan stimulates activity of interleukin 1-converting enzyme. We further investigate the molecular mechanism by which ligand binding-induced PK-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in regulation of expression of proIL-1 and IL-1. Specifically, fucoidan stimulates activity of p21-activated kinase (PAK) and of the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Combined with PK inhibitors and genetic mutants of Rac1 and JNK in PK activity assays, Western blotting analyses, and IL-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the role of individual PKs in the regulation of proIL-1/IL-1 was extensively dissected. Moreover, tyrosine phosphorylation of pp60Src as well as association between pp60Src and Hsp90 play important roles in fucoidan-induced proIL-1 expression. We are the first to establish two fucoidan-mediated signaling pathways: PTK(Src)/Rac1/PAK/JNK and PTK(Src)/Rac1/PAK/p38, but not PTK/phospholipase C-gamma 1/PKC/MEK1/ERK, playing critical roles in proIL-1/IL-1 regulation. Our current results indicate and suggest a model for MSR ligands differentially modulating specific PK signal transduction pathways, which regulate atherogenesis-related inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1.
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PMID:Ligands of macrophage scavenger receptor induce cytokine expression via differential modulation of protein kinase signaling pathways. 1139 Mar 74

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates macrophages to release inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). LPS-induced TNF suppresses scavenger receptor functions in macrophages (van Lenten, B. J., and Fogelman, A. M. (1992) J. Immunol. 148, 112-116), which is regulated by TNF-mediated protein kinases (Hsu, H. Y., and Twu, Y. C. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 41035-41048). To examine the molecular mechanism for LPS induction of IL-1 in macrophages, we demonstrated that LPS quickly stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and 3 h later induced prointerleukin-1 beta (pro-IL-1, precursor of IL-1) production and IL-1 secretion. LPS stimulated pro-IL-1 message/protein between 3 and 10 h; however, there was a 40% reduction of pro-IL-1 in preincubation of the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Moreover, NAC moderated LPS-induced IL-1 secretion partially via interleukin 1-converting enzyme. The maximal activity of LPS-induced ERK, JNK, and p38 was 12- (30 min), 5- (30 min), and 16-fold (15 min), respectively. In contrast, NAC reduced ERK activity to 60% and decreased p38 activity to the basal level, but JNK activity was induced 2-fold. Furthermore, the pharmacological antagonists LY294002, SB203580, curcumin, calphostin C, and PD98059 revealed the diverse roles of LPS-mediated protein kinases in pro-IL-1. On the other hand, NAC and diphenyleneiodonium chloride partially inhibited LPS-induced Rac activity and protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK), indicating that LPS-mediated ROS and NADPH oxidase correspond to Rac activation and IL-1 expression. Our findings establish for the first time that LPS-mediated PTK/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Rac/p38 pathways play a more important role than pathways of PTK/PKC/MEK/ERK and of PTK/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Rac/JNK in the regulation of pro-IL-1/IL-1. The findings also further elucidate the critical role of LPS-mediated ROS in signal transduction pathways. Our results suggest that understanding LPS-transduced signals in IL-1 induction upon the antibacterial action of macrophages should provide a therapeutic strategy for aberrant inflammatory responses leading to severe cellular injury or concurrent multiorgan septic damage.
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PMID:Lipopolysaccharide-mediated reactive oxygen species and signal transduction in the regulation of interleukin-1 gene expression. 1194 May 70

In the diaphragm muscle we tested the hypothesis that MAP kinase signaling pathways are activated by mechanical stress and such signaling pathways are dependent on the direction in which mechanical stress is applied. Although equal magnitudes of mechanical stress were applied axially and transversely a greater level of activation of ERK1/2, p38, Raf-1, p90 RSK, Elk-1, and the DNA binding activity of AP-1 transcription factor was produced when the muscle was stretched transversely than when stretched axially. A significant up-regulation in protein tyrosine phosphorylation was observed in axially or transversely loaded diaphragm muscles and the activation of ERK1/2 was completely inhibited by genistein (protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor). Pretreatment of muscles with wortmannin (phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor), TMB-8 (antagonist of intracellular calcium release), GF109203X (PKC inhibitor), or PD98059 (MEK1/2 inhibitor) blocked the activation of ERK1/2 kinases in response to axial but not to transverse loading. On the other hand, pretreatment of muscles with protein kinase A inhibitors H-7 and KT5720 completely suppressed the activation of ERK1/2 in response to transverse loading only. Taken together with the alterations of MAP kinases and the findings of elevations of downstream transcription targets, our data are consistent with two distinct MAP kinase signal transduction pathways in response to mechanical stress.
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PMID:Distinct signaling pathways are activated in response to mechanical stress applied axially and transversely to skeletal muscle fibers. 1222 Oct 78

The ubiquitously expressed family of alpha-actinins bridges actin filaments to stabilize adhesions, a process disrupted during growth factor-induced migration of cells. During the dissolution of the actin cytoskeleton, actinins are phosphorylated on tyrosines, although the consequences of this are unknown. We expressed the two isoforms of human alpha-actinin in murine fibroblasts that express human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and found that both alpha-actinin 1 (ACTN1) and alpha-actinin 4 (ACTN4) were phosphorylated on tyrosine residues after stimulation with EGF, although ACTN4 was phosphorylated to the greater extent. This required the activation of Src protein-tyrosine kinase and p38-MAPK (and phosphoinositide trisphosphate kinase in part) but not MEK/ERK or Rac1, as determined by inhibitors. The EGF-induced phosphorylation sites of ACTN4 were mapped to tyrosine 4, the major site, and tyrosine 31, the minor one. Truncation mutagenesis showed that the C-terminal domains of ACTN4 (amino acids 300-911), which cross-link the actin binding head domains, act as an inhibitory domain for both actin binding and EGF-mediated phosphorylation. These two properties were mutually exclusive; removal of the C terminus enhanced actin binding of ACTN4 mutants while limiting EGF-induced phosphorylation, and conversely EGF-stimulated phosphorylation of ACTN4 decreased its affinity to actin. Interestingly, a phosphomimetic of tyrosine 265 (which can be found in carcinoma cells and lies near the K255E mutation that causes focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) demonstrated increased actin binding activity and susceptibility of ACTN4 to calpain-mediated cleavage; this variant also retarded cell spreading. Remarkably, either treatment of cells with low concentrations of latrunculin A, which has been shown to depolymerize F-actin, or the deletion of the actin binding domain (100-252 amino acids) of ACTN4Y265E restored EGF-induced phosphorylation. An F-actin binding assay in vitro showed that Y4E/Y31E, a mimetic of diphosphorylated ACTN4, bound F-actin slightly compared with wild type (WT). Importantly, the EGF-mediated phosphorylation of ACTN4 at tyrosine 4 and 31 significantly inhibited multinucleation of proliferating NR6WT fibroblasts that overexpress ACTN4. These results suggest that EGF regulates the actin binding activity of ACTN4 by inducing tyrosyl-directed phosphorylation.
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PMID:Phosphorylation of alpha-actinin 4 upon epidermal growth factor exposure regulates its interaction with actin. 1992 Jan 51

Breast tumor kinase (Brk), also known as protein kinase-6 (PTK6), is a nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase that has a close functional relationship with the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). High levels of Brk were found in HER2-positive tumor specimens from patients with invasive ductal breast cancer; however, the underlying mechanism of the co-overexpression of Brk and HER2 remains elusive. In the current study, we explored the mechanism of HER2 and Brk co-overexpression in breast cancer cells by investigating the effect of overexpression and knockdown of HER2 on the level of Brk in breast cancer cells. We found that Brk was more stable in HER2-elevated cells than in control vector-transfected cells and was less stable in HER2 siRNA-treated cells than in control siRNA-treated cells, suggesting that HER2 regulates Brk protein stability. Further studies indicated that degradation of Brk involved a calpain-1-mediated proteolytic pathway and indicated an inverse relationship between the level of HER2 expression and calpain-1 activity. We found that HER2 inhibited calpain-1 activity through upregulating calpastatin, an endogenous calpain inhibitor. Silencing of HER2 downregulated calpastatin, and the downregulation could be rescued by overexpression of constitutively active MEK. Together, these data offer novel mechanistic insights into the functional relationship between Brk and HER2.
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PMID:HER2 regulates Brk/PTK6 stability via upregulating calpastatin, an inhibitor of calpain. 2370 32

ROS1 protein-tyrosine kinase fusion proteins are expressed in 1-2% of non-small cell lung cancers. The ROS1 fusion partners include CD74, CCDC6, EZR, FIG, KDELR2, LRIG3, MSN, SDC4, SLC34A2, TMEM106B, TMP3, and TPD52L1. Physiological ROS1 is closely related to the ALK, LTK, and insulin receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. ROS1 is a so-called orphan receptor because the identity of its activating ligand, if any, is unknown. The receptor is expressed during development, but little is expressed in adults and its physiological function is unknown. The human ROS1 gene encodes 2347 amino acid residues and ROS1 is the largest protein-tyrosine kinase receptor protein. Unlike the ALK fusion proteins that are activated by the dimerization induced by their amino-terminal portions, the amino-terminal domains of several of its fusion proteins including CD74 apparently lack the ability to induce dimerization so that the mechanism of constitutive protein kinase activation is unknown. Downstream signaling from the ROS1 fusion protein leads to the activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 cell proliferation module, the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase cell survival pathway, and the Vav3 cell migration pathway. Moreover, several of the ROS1 fusion proteins are implicated in the pathogenesis of a very small proportion of other cancers including glioblastoma, angiosarcoma, and cholangiocarcinoma as well as ovarian, gastric, and colorectal carcinomas. The occurrence of oncogenic ROS1 fusion proteins, particularly in non-small cell lung cancer, has fostered considerable interest in the development of ROS1 inhibitors. Although the percentage of lung cancers driven by ROS1 fusion proteins is low, owing to the large number of new cases of non-small cell lung cancer per year, the number of new cases of ROS1-positive lung cancers is significant and ranges from 2000 to 4000 per year in the United States and 10,000-15,000 worldwide. Crizotinib was the first inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer in 2016. Other drugs that are in clinical trials for the treatment of these lung cancers include ceritinib, cabozantinib, entrectinib, and lorlatinib. Crizotinib forms a complex within the front cleft between the small and large lobes of an active ROS1 protein-kinase domain and it is classified as type I inhibitor.
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PMID:ROS1 protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of ROS1 fusion protein-driven non-small cell lung cancers. 2846 16


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