Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.12.2 (MEK)
18,161 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Angiotensin II (AngII) induces G(1) phase arrest and hypertrophy of cultured renal proximal tubular cells. In previous studies, it was shown that these effects depend on oxygen radical-mediated induction of p27(Kip1), an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases serve as signaling intermediates between AngII-induced oxidative stress and induction of p27(Kip1). AngII (10(-7) M) induces a biphasic phosphorylation pattern of p44/42 MAP kinase with an early phosphorylation after 2 min and a later, second phosphorylation peak after prolong incubation (12 h) in cultured proximal tubular cells from two different species (MCT and LLC-PK(1) cells). Total protein expression of MAP kinase was not changed by AngII. These phosphorylation patterns of p44/42 MAP kinase caused activation of the enzyme, as detected by phosphorylated MAP substrate Elk-1 after immuno-precipitation of MAP kinase. Exogenous H(2)O(2) also stimulates a biphasic phosphorylation of p44/42 MAP kinase. The flavoprotein inhibitor diphenylene iodinium, as well as the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, prevented AngII-induced p44/42 MAP kinase phosphorylation, indicating involvement of reactive oxygen species generated by membrane-bound NAD(P)H oxidase. The MAP kinase kinase inhibitor PD98059 completely inhibits AngII-induced p27(Kip1) expression and (3)[H]leucine incorporation into proteins as a previously established marker of cell hypertrophy. PD98059 did not attenuate AngII-stimulated intracellular synthesis of oxygen radicals. Transient transfection with p44/42 MAP kinase antisense, but not sense, phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotides also prevented AngII-induced MAP kinase phosphorylation, p27(Kip1) expression, and cell hypertrophy. Furthermore, induction of p27(Kip1) by H(2)O(2) was also abolished in the presence of PD98059. Although AngII induces phosphorylation of the stress-activated p38 MAP kinase, inhibition of this enzyme with SB203580 failed to attenuate induced p27(Kip1) expression and hypertrophy. These data provide evidence that AngII- mediated oxygen stress leads to the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAP kinase in proximal tubular cells. Activation of this enzyme is essential for p27(Kip1) expression, G(1) phase arrest, and hypertrophy of proximal tubular cells. These findings may lead to new concepts concerning interference of the development of proximal tubular hypertrophy, which may eventually turn into a maladaptive process in vivo leading ultimately to tubular atrophy and tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
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PMID:Reactive oxygen species stimulate p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and induce p27(Kip1): role in angiotensin II-mediated hypertrophy of proximal tubular cells. 1090 52

Cross-linking of IgE or a bacterial product (f-Met-Leu-Phe; FMLP) induces the release of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and histamine in human basophils. However, the signaling mechanisms in human basophils are only partially understood. It has been demonstrated that extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) specifically regulate the pathway for LTC4 generation, but not for histamine release and interleukin-4 production. More recent studies have suggested that tyrosine kinase (syk)-mediated phosphorylation of shc is responsible for the ras-ERK cascade via the formation of shc-Grb2-Sos2 following stimulation with anti-IgE antibody, but not FMLP, in human basophils. However, while characterizing the role of phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase in signaling pathways leading to basophil mediator release, it was noted that this pathway might also regulate p21ras activation. Anti-IgE antibody, but not FMLP, resulted in phosphorylation of p85 (regulatory subunit of PI3 kinase), suggesting activation of PI3 kinase. Inhibition of PI3 kinase by selective inhibitor (LY294002) abolished anti-IgE antibody- but not FMLP-induced phosphorylation of MEK1 (MAPK kinase/ERK kinase) and ERKs while inhibiting LTC4 generation as well as histamine release. IgE-mediated activation of ras (upstream of MEK-ERK) was also inhibited. But, further upstream, phosphorylation of syk and of shc and inducible association between shc and Grb2 were not affected. Furthermore, the IgE-mediated cytosolic calcium response ([Ca(++)](i)) was also diminished. These results suggest that functional responses may be dependent on the activity of PI3 kinase, which regulates at least 2 important signaling pathways: by regulating activation of ras for the MEK-ERK pathway and the increase in [Ca(++)](i).
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PMID:Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase regulates p21ras activation during IgE-mediated stimulation of human basophils. 1097 66

Overexpression of a constitutively active mutant of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MEK1 (caMEK1) in epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)-C7 cells disrupts morphogenesis, induces an invasive phenotype, and is associated with a reduced rate of cell proliferation. The role of cell-cell adhesion molecules and cell cycle proteins in these processes, however, has not been investigated. We now report loss of E-cadherin expression as well as a marked reduction of beta- and alpha-catenin expression in transdifferentiated MDCK-C7 cells stably expressing caMEK1 (C7caMEK1) compared with epithelial mock-transfected MDCK-C7 (C7Mock1) cells. At least part of the remaining alpha-catenin was coimmunoprecipitated with beta-catenin, whereas no E-cadherin was detected in beta-catenin immunoprecipitates. In both cell types, the proteasome-specific protease inhibitors N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucinal (ALLN) and lactacystin led to a time-dependent accumulation of beta-catenin, including the appearance of high-molecular-weight beta-catenin species. Quiescent as well as serum-stimulated C7caMEK1 cells showed a higher cyclin D expression than epithelial C7Mock1 cells. The MEK inhibitor U-0126 inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and cyclin D expression in C7caMEK1 cells and almost abolished their already reduced cell proliferation rate. We conclude that the transdifferentiated and invasive phenotype of C7caMEK1 cells is associated with a diminished expression of proteins involved in cell-cell adhesion. Although beta-catenin expression is reduced, C7caMEK1 cells show a higher expression of U-0126-sensitive cyclin D protein.
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PMID:Differential expression of cell-cell adhesion proteins and cyclin D in MEK1-transdifferentiated MDCK cells. 1102 95

We examined the relative roles of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in mediating the alpha1-adrenergic receptor (alpha1-AR) stimulated hypertrophic phenotype in adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVM). Norepinephrine (NE; 1 microM) in the presence of the beta -AR antagonist propranolol (Pro; 2 microM) caused activation of Ras (>six-fold), MAPK/ERK kinase 1 and 2 (MEK1/2, >10-fold) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2, approximately 30-fold) within 5 min, as determined by kinase activity assays and Western blots using phospho-specific antibodies. Conversely, p38 and c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK) were not activated by NE/Pro. Activated MEK1/2 signals remained detectable at 2 h, and activated ERK1/2 remained detectable at 48 h. The alpha1-AR selective inhibitor prazosin (100 nM) completely inhibited the NE/Pro-stimulated activation of Ras, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. The MEK inhibitor PD98059 caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of NE/Pro-stimulated protein synthesis (as assessed by [3H]leucine incorporation and cellular protein accumulation) and ERK1/2 activation, with approximately 50% inhibition at a concentration between 10 and 50 microM, which is consistent with the known IC50 values of PD98059 for MEK1 (4 microM) and MEK2 (50 microM). Thus, these data show that alpha1-AR stimulated hypertrophy in ARVM is dependent on the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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PMID:MEK1/2-ERK1/2 mediates alpha1-adrenergic receptor-stimulated hypertrophy in adult rat ventricular myocytes. 1127 30

The activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor is composed of heterodimers of the Fos/activating transcription factor (ATF) and Jun subfamilies of basic-region leucine-zipper (B-ZIP) proteins. In order to determine the identities of individual B-ZIP proteins in various AP-1 complexes we tested the effect of dominant-negative mutants to the B-ZIP proteins c-Fos, ATF2, ATF4 and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) on the activities of the collagenase and c-Jun promoters. These dominant-negative mutants inhibit DNA binding of wild-type B-ZIP proteins in a leucine-zipper-dependent fashion. Transcription of a collagenase promoter/reporter gene was induced in HepG2 hepatoma cells by expression of c-Fos and c-Jun, administration of PMA ("TPA") or by expression of a truncated form of MEK (mitogen-activated/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase kinase) kinase-1, MEKK1Delta. In all cases, the dominant-negative mutants A-Fos and A-ATF2 decreased collagenase promoter activity. However, A-ATF4 and A-C/EBP had no effect. A-Fos and A-ATF2 also reduced MEKK1Delta-induced stimulation of the c-Jun promoter. In contrast, constitutive c-Jun promoter activity was blocked solely by A-ATF2, strongly suggesting that ATF2 and/or an ATF2-dimerizing protein are of major importance for c-Jun transcription in unstimulated cells. These results demonstrate that AP-1 transcription factors of different compositions control c-jun gene transcription in resting or stimulated cells.
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PMID:Regulation and composition of activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors controlling collagenase and c-Jun promoter activities. 1173 49

The delta opioid peptide [D-Ala(2),D-Leu(5)]enkephalin (DADLE) has been shown to promote organ survival and to protect against methamphetamine-induced neurodegeneration. However, the cellular mechanisms of these actions of DADLE are not totally clear. We examined the action of DADLE in serum-deprived pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) and found that DADLE protected against cell death in those cells. However, the dose-response curves of the protective effects of DADLE are U-shaped as judged by three biochemical or morphological assays: the LDH release, the DNA laddering, and the apoptotic nuclei. It was found that femtomolar to picomolar concentrations of DADLE are antiapoptotic, whereas micormolar concentrations of DADLE are cytotoxic in PC12 cells. The protective effect of DADLE could be attenuated by a selective delta2 opioid antagonist and the cytotoxic action of DADLE was reduced by a selective mu opioid receptor antagonist. The treatment of cells with PD98059, a selective inhibitor of ERK kinase (MEK), or the transfection of cells with a dominant interfering form of MEK (MEK-KA97) blocked both the protective effect of DADLE and the ERK phosphorylation induced by DADLE. Cytotoxic concentrations of DADLE, on the other hand, caused an increase of Fas-ligand (FasL) in PC12 cells that was attenuated by a selective mu antagonist. Our results suggest, therefore, that endogenous opioid peptides may, at low concentrations, promote cell survival via the MEK-ERK pathway perhaps through delta2 opioid receptors, whereas they may kill cells at high concentrations via the activation of FasL through an as-yet unknown mechanism involving mu opioid receptors.
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PMID:Antiapoptotic and cytotoxic properties of delta opioid peptide [D-Ala(2),D-Leu(5)]enkephalin in PC12 cells. 1174 37

Mitogenic effects of the extracellular nucleotides ATP and UTP are mediated by P2Y(1), P2Y(2), and P2Y(4) receptors. However, it has not been possible to examine the highly expressed UDP-sensitive P2Y(6) receptor because of the lack of stable, selective agonists. In rat aorta smooth muscle cells (vascular smooth muscle cells; VSMC), UDP and UTP stimulated (3)H-labeled thymidine incorporation with similar pEC(50) values (5.96 and 5.69). Addition of hexokinase did not reduce the mitogenic effect of UDP. In cells transfected with P2Y receptors the stable pyrimidine agonist uridine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (UDPbetaS) was specific for P2Y(6) with no effect on P2Y(1), P2Y(2), or P2Y(4) receptors. UDPbetaS stimulated [(3)H]thymidine and [(3)H]leucine incorporation and increased cell number in VSMC. Flow cytometry demonstrated that UDP stimulated cell cycle progression to both the S and G(2) phases. The intracellular signal pathways were dependent on phospholipase C, possibly protein kinase C-delta, and a tyrosine kinase pathway but independent of G(i) proteins, eicosanoids, and protein kinase A. The half-life of P2Y(6) receptor mRNA was <1 h by competitive RT-PCR. The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor PD-098059 significantly suppressed, whereas ATP and interleukin-1beta upregulated, expression of P2Y(6) receptor mRNA. The results demonstrate that UDP stimulates mitogenesis through activation of P2Y(6) receptors and that the receptor is regulated by factors important in the development of vascular disease.
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PMID:UDP acts as a growth factor for vascular smooth muscle cells by activation of P2Y(6) receptors. 1178 30

Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) isozyme family are important signal transducers in virtually every mammalian cell type. Within the heart, PKC isozymes are thought to participate in a signaling network that programs developmental and pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophic growth. To investigate the function of PKC signaling in regulating cardiomyocyte growth, adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of wild-type and dominant negative mutants of PKC alpha, beta II, delta, and epsilon (only wild-type zeta) was performed in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of wild-type PKC alpha, beta II, delta, and epsilon revealed distinct subcellular localizations upon activation suggesting unique functions of each isozyme in cardiomyocytes. Indeed, overexpression of wild-type PKC alpha, but not betaI I, delta, epsilon, or zeta induced hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes characterized by increased cell surface area, increased [(3)H]-leucine incorporation, and increased expression of the hypertrophic marker gene atrial natriuretic factor. In contrast, expression of dominant negative PKC alpha, beta II, delta, and epsilon revealed a necessary role for PKC alpha as a mediator of agonist-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, whereas dominant negative PKC epsilon reduced cellular viability. A mechanism whereby PKC alpha might regulate hypertrophy was suggested by the observations that wild-type PKC alpha induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), that dominant negative PKC alpha inhibited PMA-induced ERK1/2 activation, and that dominant negative MEK1 (up-stream of ERK1/2) inhibited wild-type PKC alpha-induced hypertrophic growth. These results implicate PKC alpha as a necessary mediator of cardiomyocyte hypertrophic growth, in part, through a ERK1/2-dependent signaling pathway.
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PMID:PKC alpha regulates the hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes through extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2). 1186 93

There is remarkable conservation in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by innate immune responses of plants, insects and mammals. We developed an Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cell system based on the induction of early-defence gene transcription by flagellin, a highly conserved component of bacterial flagella that functions as a PAMP in plants and mammals. Here we identify a complete plant MAP kinase cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) and WRKY22/WRKY29 transcription factors that function downstream of the flagellin receptor FLS2, a leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) receptor kinase. Activation of this MAPK cascade confers resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens, suggesting that signalling events initiated by diverse pathogens converge into a conserved MAPK cascade.
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PMID:MAP kinase signalling cascade in Arabidopsis innate immunity. 1187 55

The aim of this study was to determine the regulation by MKP-1 of MAPK activity and protein expression in cardiomyocyte hypertrophic response induced by Ang II. Neonatal rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophic response was assayed by cell surface area, protein synthesis rate and protein content. MAPK activity was determined by an in-gel kinase assay. Protein expression of MAPK and MKP-1 were detected by Western blotting. The results are as follows. (1) Ang II induced promotion of (3)H-leucine incorporation and increase in cell protein content and cell surface area in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with a selective AT(1) receptor antagonist CV11974 or a specific MEK inhibitor PD098059, cardiomyocyte hypertrophic response induced by Ang II was inhibited by 85% and 32.5%, respectively. (2) After pretreatment with PD098059 or CV11974, AngII-induced increases in p44MAPK and p42MAPK protein expression and enzyme activity (expressed by gamma-(32)P-ATP incorporation) were all inhibited obviously. (3) With treatment of myocytes by Ang II for 5 min, MAPK activity determined by p44MAPK and p42MAPK protein expression began to increase, while MKP-1 protein expression was detected within 30 min and lasted more than 2 h following treatment with Ang II. (4) Pretreatment of cardiomyocytes with actinomycin D (3 microgram/ml) for 30 min inhibited MKP-1 protein expression, while p44MAPK and p42MAPK protein expression was still detected 120 min after Ang II treatment. The above results demonstrate that activation of MAPK plays an important role in Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophic response in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes through MKP-1 mediated inactivation of p44MAPK and p42MAPK.cardiomyocyte hypertrophic response in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes through MKP-1 mediated inactivation of p44MAPK and p42MAPK.
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PMID:[MKP-1 regulates the cardiomyocyte hypertrophic responses induced by angiotensin II]. 1194 88


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