Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.12.2 (MEK)
 18,161 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP38) regulate anterior pituitary cell secretion and proliferation. In the somatolactotrope GH4C1 cell line, these effects are mediated through the type-II-like PACAP receptor (VPAC2) coupled to the cAMP pathway. In this study, the control of the extracellularly responsive kinases (ERKs) by VIP and PACAP38 was investigated in GH4C1 cells. VIP and PACAP38 increased ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation and were equipotent stimulators of both kinases. ERK activation was mimicked by cholera toxin, forskolin and 8bromo-cAMP. VIP and PACAP38 activation of ERK2 was blocked by the protein kinase A inhibitor H89, whereas the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X, or prior PMA-induced depletion of the protein kinases C, failed to inhibit VIP and PACAP38 activation of ERK2. In contrast, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) elicited ERK activation by a PKC-dependent process. ERK activation by VIP or PACAP38 and TRH were additive and both sensitive to the MEK inhibitors PD98059 and U0126. In parallel, U0126 reduced prolactin (PRL) mRNA levels induced by VIP. These results demonstrate for the first time that VIP and PACAP38 activate ERK in GH4C1 cells. Cyclic AMP increase is sufficient to elicit ERK activation in these cells and thus likely to represent the transduction pathway underlying VIP- and PACAP38-dependent ERK activation. This mechanism seems to be involved in VIP-induced PRL gene regulation.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase in the pituitary cell line GH4C1 by a 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway. 1094 Jul 38

We previously reported that the metabotropic glutamate receptor R1alpha (mGluR1alpha) can be activated not only by applying glutamate but also by raising extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o) concentration, and that the constant stimulation by Ca2+o causes morphological change of transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells (Kubo Y Miyashita T and Murata Y (1998) Science 279, 1722-1725). The physiological role of the Ca2+o-sensing function of mGluR1alpha, however, is not fully clear yet, especially because Ca2+ is constitutively present in the extracellular space unlike other neurotransmitters. In this work, we aimed to elucidate the physiological significance of the Ca2+o-sensing function of mGluR1alpha. The effect of mGluR1alpha activation by Ca2+o on the morphological change of CHO cells was mimicked by forskolin. The effect of mGluR1alpha activation on the morphological change was suppressed by the inhibitors of adenylate cyclase, protein kinase A (PKA) and MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and the effect of forskolin was also decreased by the inhibitors of PKA and MAPKK. These results demonstrate the involvement of cAMP, PKA, MAPKK, MAPK pathway in the morphological change. We actually confirmed that the Ca2+o stimulation of mGluR1alpha increased the basal cAMP level of transfected CHO cells. This increase in cAMP was observed even when only the membrane fraction of mGluR1alpha transfected CHO cells were used, and the increase was inhibited by anti-Gs alpha antibody. Taken together, we concluded that the Ca2+o-sensing function of mGluR1alpha and the continuous stimulation by Ca2+o caused the increase in the basal cAMP level by direct coupling with Gs, and triggered the subsequent activation of PKA, MAPKK, and MAPK cascade which resulted in the morphological change of transfected CHO cells.
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PMID:Extracellular Ca2+ sensitivity of mGluR1alpha induces an increase in the basal cAMP level by direct coupling with Gs protein in transfected CHO cells. 1095 86

The signal transduction pathways modulating bFGF effects in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEc) are not completely understood. Since the cAMP and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways can modulate the growth of RTEc, we studied whether two cAMP elevating agents, isoproterenol and 8-bromo-cAMP, would modulate basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) induction of MAPK activity (ERK-2) and cell proliferation in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTEc) and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK clone EI1). Isoproterenol, but not bFGF, stimulated cAMP production in RPTEc and MDCKEI1 cells. bFGF, isoproterenol, and 8-bromo-cAMP alone increased ERK-2 activity in both cell types. However, isoproterenol and 8-bromo-cAMP partially inhibited the bFGF induction of ERK-2 activity, but only isoproterenol inhibited the proliferation of both cell types. PD098059 (25 microM), an inhibitor of MAPK kinase (MEK 1/2), blocked the bFGF mitogenic effects, but did not affect the 8-bromo-cAMP-induced mitogenic effects in MDCKEI1 cells. These findings suggest that activation of ERK-2 is required but not sufficient for mitogenesis in RTEc. We conclude that isoproterenol inhibits the growth-promoting effects of bFGF in RTEc via MEK-dependent and -independent pathways.
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PMID:Isoproterenol inhibits fibroblast growth factor-2-induced growth of renal epithelial cells. 1095 16

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) is a 28-kDa plasma protein that binds to IGF-I and IGF-II with high affinity. IGFBP-1 is elevated in the blood as a result of sepsis, AIDS, excessive alcohol consumption, and diabetes and may, in part, be responsible for the wasting observed during these pathophysiological conditions. The liver is the principal site of IGFBP-1 synthesis, and we have previously shown that proinflammatory cytokines can directly stimulate IGFBP-1 secretion in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of the MAP kinase pathway in regulating IGFBP-1 synthesis by IL-1beta. We show that IL-1beta stimulates the phosphorylation of ERK-1 and -2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In addition, the MAP kinase-kinase MEK-1 and the ribosomal S6-kinase RSK-1 are also phosphorylated in response to IL-1beta. The transcription factor CREB, a potential substrate of both protein kinase A (PKA) and RSK-1, is phosphorylated in response to IL-1beta and cAMP in HepG2 cells. The ability of IL-1beta to stimulate the expression of IGFBP-1 and the phosphorylation of the above kinases was specifically inhibited by PD98059, a MEK-1 inhibitor. cAMP also stimulated IGFBP-1 synthesis, but PD98059 failed to block the cAMP effect. Conversely, a PKA inhibitor (H-89) inhibited the ability of cAMP, but not IL-1beta to stimulate IGFBP-1 synthesis. The effect of IL-1beta and cAMP on IGFBP-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) accumulation was additive. IL-1beta, cAMP, PD98059, and H-89 had similar effects on the accumulation of IGFBP-1 protein and mRNA. IL-1beta and cAMP did not change the half-life of IGFBP-1 mRNA, but PD98059 and SB202190, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, destabilized IGFBP-1 mRNA and blocked the phosphorylation of RSK-1 in response to IL-1beta. Our data demonstrate that the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway plays an important role in the regulation of IGFBP-1 synthesis by IL-1beta.
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PMID:Stimulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 synthesis by interleukin-1beta: requirement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. 1096 86

Recently we reported that calcitonin (CT) induces growth arrest at the G2 stage of the cell cycle in HEK-293 cell lines expressing the most abundant, insert-negative, isoform of the human CT receptor (insert -ve hCTR). The present study investigates the involvement of the MAPK signalling pathway in the anti-proliferative actions of CT and compares the activity of an isoform of the hCTR that contains a 16 amino acid insert in the first putative intracellular loop (insert +ve hCTR). Comparison of HEK-293 cells stably transfected with the insert -ve or the insert +ve hCTR, showed that accumulation of cAMP and intracellular free calcium in response to CT were specific for the insert -ve receptor isoform. However, a novel acidification of the extracellular medium was mediated by both isoforms. Treatment with CT of cells expressing the insert -ve hCTR, caused a decrease in cell growth associated with an induction of p21(WAF1/CIP1). Analysis by fluorescence-activated cell scanning showed that growth inhibition was associated with an accumulation of cells in G2. CT treatment of cells expressing the insert -ve, but not insert +ve hCTR, induced the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 MAPK, which persisted for at least 72 h. Treatment of cells expressing the insert -ve hCTR with the MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, PD-98059, inhibited the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and abrogated the growth inhibitory effects of salmon CT, the accumulation of cells in G2, and the associated induction of p21(WAF1/CIP1). These data suggest that activation of Erk1/2 are downstream effectors of the insert -ve hCTR in modulating cell cycle progression.
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PMID:Sustained activation of Erk1/2 MAPK and cell growth suppression by the insert-negative, but not the insert-positive isoform of the human calcitonin receptor. 1101 57

cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) has been suggested to interfere with T-cell activation by inhibiting interleukin (IL-2) receptor alpha-chain (CD25) expression and IL-2 production. The Ras/MAP kinase pathway has been found to be necessary for induction of the IL-2 production. In this study, we have scrutinized the Ras/MAP kinase pathway in Jurkat T-cells to attempt to identify any sites for PKA-mediated regulatory phosphorylations. Here we unambiguously demonstrate that PKA directly inhibits anti-CD3-induced MAP kinase activation. In vitro phosphorylation experiments showed that Raf-1 was extensively phosphorylated by PKA, while ERK2 and MEK were not. Phosphopeptide mapping identified Ser-43 of Raf-1 as the only site phosphorylated by PKA in the Ras/MAPK pathway. Transient transfection experiments demonstrated that mutations of Ser-43 of the Raf-1 kinase were rendered insensitive to cAMP-mediated inhibition.
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PMID:cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibits T cell activation by phosphorylating ser-43 of raf-1 in the MAPK/ERK pathway. 1102 49

The mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent and the cAMP-protein kinase A-dependent signal transduction pathways were studied in cultured mouse oocytes during induced and spontaneous meiotic maturation. The role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was assessed using PD98059, which specifically inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 and 2 (that is, MEK1 and MEK2), which activates mitogen-activated protein kinase. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase was studied by treating oocytes with the protein kinase A inhibitor rp-cAMP. Inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by PD98059 (25 micromol l(-1)) selectively inhibited the stimulatory effect on meiotic maturation by FSH and meiosis-activating sterol (that is, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-8,14, 24-triene-3beta-ol) in the presence of 4 mmol hypoxanthine l(-1), whereas spontaneous maturation in the absence of hypoxanthine was unaffected. This finding indicates that different signal transduction mechanisms are involved in induced and spontaneous maturation. The protein kinase A inhibitor rp-cAMP induced meiotic maturation in the presence of 4 mmol hypoxanthine l(-1), an effect that was additive to the maturation-promoting effect of FSH and meiosis-activating sterol, indicating that induced maturation also uses the cAMP-protein kinase A-dependent signal transduction pathway. In conclusion, induced and spontaneous maturation of mouse oocytes appear to use different signal transduction pathways.
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PMID:Regulation of spontaneous and induced resumption of meiosis in mouse oocytes by different intracellular pathways. 1105 53

Mutations of ras are tumor-initiating events for many cell types, including thyrocytes. To explore early consequences after oncogenic Ras activation, we developed a doxycycline-inducible expression system in rat thyroid PCCL3 cells. Beginning 3-4 days after H-Ras(v12) expression, cells underwent apoptosis. The H-Ras(v12) effects on apoptosis were decreased by a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1) inhibitor and recapitulated by doxycycline-inducible expression of an activated MEK1 mutant (MEK1(S217E/S221E)). As reported elsewhere, acute expression of H-Ras(v12) also induces mitotic defects in PCCL3 cells through ERK (extracellular ligand-regulated kinase) activation, suggesting that apoptosis may be secondary to DNA damage. However, acute activation of SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/Jun N-terminal kinase) through acute expression of Rac1(v12) also triggered apoptosis, without inducing large-scale genomic abnormalities. H-Ras(v12)-induced apoptosis was dependent on concomitant activation of cAMP by either TSH or forskolin, in a protein kinase A-independent manner. Thus, coactivation of cAMP-dependent pathways and ERK or JNK (either through H-Ras(v12), Rac1(v12), or MEK1(S217E/S221E)) is inconsistent with cell survival. The fate of thyrocytes within the first cell cycles after expression of oncogenic Ras is dependent on ambient TSH levels. If both cAMP and Ras signaling are simultaneously activated, most cells will die. Those that survive will eventually lose TSH responsiveness and/or inactivate the apoptotic cascade through secondary events, thus enabling clonal expansion.
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PMID:Conditional apoptosis induced by oncogenic ras in thyroid cells. 1107 8

Expression of the PRL gene is regulated by many factors, including cAMP, estradiol (E2), phorbol esters, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and TRH. The promoter region of the rat PRL gene has been shown to contain DNA sequences that are thought to support the direct interaction of estrogen receptors (ERs) with DNA. It is by this direct ER/DNA interaction that estrogen is thought to modulate expression of PRL. We report here that estrogeninduced PRL expression requires an intact mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway in cultured rat pituitary cells (PR1 lactotroph and GH3 somatolactotroph cell lines). Interfering with the MAPK signaling cascade by inhibiting the activity of MAPK kinase (MEK) ablates the ability of estrogen to induce PRL mRNA and protein. In these cell lines, estrogen activates extracellular regulated protein kinases ERK-1 and ERK-2 enzyme activities maximally within 10 min of 1 nM E2 treatment. This activity is blocked by pretreatment of the cells with the MEK inhibitors PD98059 and UO126. The mechanism by which ERKs-1 and -2 are activated by estrogen appears to be independent of c-Src since the effects of estrogen on PRL gene expression are not affected by herbimycin A or PP1 administration. c-Raf-1 may be involved in the effects of E2 because estrogen causes the rapid and transient tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Raf-1. The ER antagonist ICI 182,780 blocks both ERK-1 and ERK-2 activation in addition to PRL protein and mRNA, implying a central role for the classical ER in the activation of the MAPK pathway resulting in PRL gene expression.
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PMID:Estrogen modulation of prolactin gene expression requires an intact mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway in cultured rat pituitary cells. 1107 18

Interaction between p38MAPK and p42/44MAPK in rat pinealocytes was examined by determining the effects of p38MAPK inhibitors on the phosphorylation of p42/44MAPK using Western blot analysis. Treatment with SB202190, a specific inhibitor of p38MAPK, increased p42/44MAPK phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner. SB202190 also enhanced the magnitude and the duration of norepinephrine-activated p42/44MAPK phosphorylation. The effect of SB202190 on p42/44MAPK phosphorylation was abolished by PD98059 or UO126, inhibitors of MEK, suggesting that SB202190 is acting upstream of MEK in activating p42/44MAPK. The SB202190-induced phosphorylation of p42/44MAPK was not blocked by inhibitors of cGMP-dependent kinase (KT5823), protein kinase C (calphostin C) or Ca2+/calmodulin dependent kinase (KN93) suggesting that these pathways may not be involved in the effect of SB202190. SB202190 further increased p42/44MAPK phosphorylation that was stimulated by 8-bromo-cGMP, 4beta phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, or ionomycin. In contrast, inhibition of p42/44MAPK phosphorylation by dibutyryl-cAMP persisted when p42/44MAPK phosphorylation was increased by SB202190. Furthermore, inhibition of p42/44MAPK phosphorylation had no effect on p38MAPK activation. These results suggest that inhibition of p38MAPK causes activation of p42/44MAPK and acts synergistically with norepinephrine in the regulation of p42/44MAPK activation in rat pinealocytes.
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PMID:p38MAPK inhibition enhances basal and norepinephrine-stimulated p42/44MAPK phosphorylation in rat pinealocytes. 1108 54


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