Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.11.31 (AMP-activated protein kinase)
 13,065 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICA riboside; Acadesine) activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in intact cells, and is reported to exert protective effects in the mammalian CNS. In rat cerebrocortical brain slices, AMPK was activated by metabolic stress (ischaemia > hypoxia > aglycaemia) and AICA riboside (0.1-10 mm). Activation of AMPK by AICA riboside was greatly attenuated by inhibitors of equilibrative nucleoside transport. AICA riboside also depressed excitatory synaptic transmission in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus, which was prevented by an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist and reversed by application of adenosine deaminase. However, AICA riboside was neither a substrate for adenosine deaminase nor an agonist at adenosine receptors. We conclude that metabolic stress and AICA riboside both stimulate AMPK activity in mammalian brain, but that AICA riboside has an additional effect, i.e. competition with adenosine for uptake by the nucleoside transporter. This results in an increase in extracellular adenosine and subsequent activation of adenosine receptors. Neuroprotection by AICA riboside could be mediated by this mechanism as well as, or instead of, by AMPK activation. Caution should therefore be exercised in ascribing an effect of AICA riboside to AMPK activation, especially in systems where inhibition of adenosine re-uptake has physiological consequences.
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PMID:AICA riboside both activates AMP-activated protein kinase and competes with adenosine for the nucleoside transporter in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus. 1500 83

Energy homeostasis and feeding are regulated by the central nervous system. C75, a fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor, causes weight loss and anorexia, implying a novel central nervous system pathway(s) for sensing energy balance. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a sensor of peripheral energy balance, is phosphorylated and activated when energy sources are low. Here, we identify a role for hypothalamic AMPK in the regulation of feeding behavior and in mediating the anorexic effects of C75. 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), an activator of AMPK, increased food intake, whereas compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, decreased food intake. C75 rapidly reduced the level of the phosphorylated AMPK alpha subunit (pAMPKalpha) in the hypothalamus, even in fasted mice that had elevated hypothalamic pAMPKalpha levels. Furthermore, AICAR reversed both the C75-induced anorexia and the decrease in hypothalamic pAMPKalpha levels. C75 elevated hypothalamic neuronal ATP levels, which may contribute to the mechanism by which C75 decreased AMPK activity. C75 reduced the levels of pAMPKalpha and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) in the arcuate nucleus neurons of the hypothalamus, suggesting a mechanism for the reduction in NPY expression seen with C75 treatment. These data indicate that modulation of FAS activity in the hypothalamus can alter energy perception via AMPK, which functions as a physiological energy sensor in the hypothalamus.
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PMID:C75, a fatty acid synthase inhibitor, reduces food intake via hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase. 1502 25

Triglyceride (TG) accumulation in pancreatic beta-cells is thought to be associated with impaired insulin secretory response to glucose (lipotoxicity). To better understand the mechanism of the impaired insulin secretory response to glucose in beta-cell lipotoxicity, we overexpressed a constitutively active form of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein- 1c (SREBP-1c), a master transcriptional factor of lipogenesis, in INS-1 cells with an adenoviral vector. This treatment was associated with strong activation of transcription of the genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, increased cellular TG content, severely blunted glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and enhanced expression of the uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2), which supposedly dissipates the mitochondrial electrochemical potential. To decrease the up-regulated UCP-2 expression, small interfering RNA for UCP-2 was used. Introduction of the small interfering RNA increased the ATP/ADP ratio and partially rescued the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the cells overexpressing SREBP-1c, but did not affect the cellular TG content. Next, the effect of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonist, 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside, was examined in the lipotoxicity model. Exposure of the cells with lipotoxicity to 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside increased free fatty acid oxidation, partially reversed the TG accumulation, phosphorylated AMPK and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, and improved the impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These results suggest that UCP-2 down-regulation and AMPK activation could be candidate targets for releasing beta-cells from lipotoxicity.
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PMID:Role of uncoupling protein-2 up-regulation and triglyceride accumulation in impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in a beta-cell lipotoxicity model overexpressing sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c. 1526 23

Exposing isolated rat skeletal muscle to 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside [AICAR, a pharmacological activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)] plus serum leads to a subsequent increase in insulin-stimulated glucose transport (Fisher JS, Gao J, Han DH, Holloszy JO, and Nolte LA. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282: E18-E23, 2002). Our goal was to determine whether preincubation of primary human skeletal muscle cells with human serum and AICAR (Serum+AICAR) would also induce a subsequent elevation in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Cells were preincubated for 1 h under 4 conditions: 1) without AICAR or serum (Control), 2) with serum, 3) with AICAR, or 4) with Serum+AICAR. Some cells were then collected for immunoblot analysis to assess phosphorylation of AMPK (pAMPK) and its substrate acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Other cells were incubated for an additional 4 h without AICAR or serum and then used to measure basal or insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake. Level of pAMPK was increased (P < 0.01) for myotubes exposed to Serum+AICAR vs. all other groups. Phosphorylated ACC (pACC) levels were higher for both Serum+AICAR (P < 0.05) and AICAR (P < 0.05) vs. Control and Serum groups. Basal (P < 0.05) and 1.2 nM insulin-stimulated (P < 0.005) 2-DG uptake was higher for Serum vs. all other preincubation conditions at equal insulin concentration. Regardless of insulin concentration (0, 1.2, or 18 nM), 2-DG was unaltered in cells preincubated with Serum+AICAR vs. Control cells. In contrast to results with isolated rat skeletal muscle, increasing the pAMPK and pACC in human myocytes via preincubation with Serum+AICAR was insufficient to lead to a subsequent enhancement in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.
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PMID:Prior serum- and AICAR-induced AMPK activation in primary human myocytes does not lead to subsequent increase in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. 1514 51

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), an important regulatory enzyme for triacylglycerol hydrolysis within skeletal muscle, is controlled by beta-adrenergic signaling as well as intrinsic factors related to contraction and energy turnover. In the current study, we tested the capacity of 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to suppress beta-adrenergic stimulation of HSL activity. Eight male subjects completed 60 min of cycle exercise at 70% VO2 peak on two occasions: either with normal (CON) or low (LG) pre-exercise muscle glycogen content, which is known to enhance exercise-induced AMPK activity. Muscle samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise. Pre-exercise glycogen averaged 375 +/- 35 and 163 +/- 27 mmol x kg(-1) dm for CON and LG, respectively. AMPK alpha-2 was not different between trials at rest and was increased (3.7-fold, P<0.05) by exercise during LG only. HSL activity did not differ between trials at rest and increased (0 min: 1.67 +/- 0.13; 60 min: 2.60 +/- 0.26 mmol x min(-1) x kg(-1) dm) in CON. The exercise-induced increase in HSL activity was attenuated by AMPK alpha-2 activation in LG. The attenuated HSL activity during LG occurred despite higher plasma epinephrine levels (60 min: CON, 1.96 +/- 0.29 vs LG, 4.25 +/- 0.60 nM, P<0.05) compared with CON. Despite the attenuated HSL activity in LG, IMTG was decreased by exercise (0 min: 27.1 +/- 2.0; 60 min: 22.5 +/- 2.0 mmol x kg(-1) dm, P<0.05), whereas no net reduction occurred in CON. To confirm the apparent effect of AMPK on HSL activity, we performed experiments in muscle cell culture. The epineprine-induced increase in HSL activity was totally attenuated (P<0.05) by AICAR administration in L6 myotubes. These data provide new evidence indicating that AMPK is a major regulator of skeletal muscle HSL activity that can override beta-adrenergic stimulation. However, the increased IMTG degradation in LG suggests factors other than HSL activity are important for IMTG degradation.
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PMID:Beta-adrenergic stimulation of skeletal muscle HSL can be overridden by AMPK signaling. 1523 18

Metformin is an anti-diabetic drug that increases glucose utilization in insulin-sensitive tissues. The effect is in part attributable to a stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The present study demonstrates that metformin (0.5-2mM) also dose-dependently activates AMPK in insulin-producing MIN6 cells and in primary rat beta-cells, leading to increased phosphorylation of acetyl coA carboxylase (ACC). The maximal effect was reached within 12h and sustained up to 48h. After 24h exposure to metformin (0.5-1mM), rat beta-cells exhibited a reduced secretory and synthetic responsiveness to 10mM glucose, which was also the case following 24h culture with the AMPK-activator 5-amino-imidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR; 1mM). Longer metformin exposure (>24h) resulted in a progressive increase in apoptotic beta-cells as was also reported for AICAR; metformin-induced apoptosis was reduced by compound C, an AMPK-inhibitor. As with AICAR, metformin activated c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and caspase-3 prior to the appearance of apoptosis. It is concluded that metformin-induced AMPK-activation in beta-cells reduces their glucose responsiveness and may, following sustained exposure, result in apoptosis.
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PMID:Metformin-induced stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase in beta-cells impairs their glucose responsiveness and can lead to apoptosis. 1524 7

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) independently increases glucose and long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) utilization in isolated cardiac muscle preparations. Recent studies indicate this may be due to AMPK-induced phosphorylation and activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Given this, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of AMPK stimulation by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR; 10 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)) on glucose and LCFA utilization in cardiac muscle and to determine the NOS dependence of any observed effects. Catheters were chronically implanted in a carotid artery and jugular vein of Sprague-Dawley rats. After 4 days of recovery, conscious, unrestrained rats were given either water or water containing 1 mg/ml nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) for 2.5 days. After an overnight fast, rats underwent one of four protocols: saline, AICAR, AICAR + L-NAME, or AICAR + Intralipid (20%, 0.02 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)). Glucose was clamped at approximately 6.5 mM in all groups, and an intravenous bolus of 2-deoxy-[(3)H]glucose and [(125)I]-15-(p-iodophenyl)-3-R,S-methylpentadecanoic acid was administered to obtain indexes of glucose and LCFA uptake and clearance. Despite AMPK activation, as evidenced by acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Ser(221)) and AMPK phosphorylation (Thr(172)), AICAR increased cardiac LCFA but not glucose clearance. L-NAME + AICAR established that this effect was not due to NOS activation, and AICAR + Intralipid showed that increased cardiac LCFA clearance was not LCFA-concentration dependent. These results demonstrate that, in vivo, AMPK stimulation increases LCFA but not glucose clearance by a NOS-independent mechanism.
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PMID:AMPK stimulation increases LCFA but not glucose clearance in cardiac muscle in vivo. 1526 60

The mechanisms by which specialized glucose-sensing neurons within the hypothalamus are able to detect a falling blood glucose remain largely unknown but may be linked to some gauge of neuronal energy status. We sought to test the hypothesis that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an intracellular kinase purported to act as a fuel sensor, plays a role in hypoglycemia sensing in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of the Sprague-Dawley rat by chemically activating AMPK in vivo through bilateral microinjection, before performing hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic or hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies. In a subgroup of rats, H3-glucose was infused to determine glucose kinetics. The additional chemical activation by AICAR of AMPK in the VMH during hypoglycemia markedly reduced the amount of exogenous glucose required to maintain plasma glucose during hypoglycemia, an effect that was almost completely accounted for by a three- to fourfold increase in hepatic glucose production in comparison to controls. In contrast, no differences were seen between groups in hypoglycemia-induced rises in the principal counterregulatory hormones. In conclusion, activation of AMPK within the VMH may play an important role in hypoglycemia sensing. The combination of hypoglycemia- and AICAR-induced AMPK activity appears to result in a marked stimulus to hepatic glucose counterregulation.
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PMID:Potential role for AMP-activated protein kinase in hypoglycemia sensing in the ventromedial hypothalamus. 1527 72

AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) responds to intracellular ATP depletion, while PPARalpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) induces the expression of genes coding for enzymes and proteins involved in increasing cellular ATP yields. PPARalpha-mediated transcription is shown here to be co-activated by the alpha subunit of AMPK, as well as by kinase-deficient (Thr172Ala) and kinase-less (Asp157Ala, Asp139Ala) mutants of AMPKalpha. The Ser452Ala mutant of mPPARalpha mutated in its putative consensus AMPKalpha phosphorylation site is similarly co-activated by AMPKalpha. AMPKalpha or its kinase-less mutants bind to PPARalpha; binding is increased by MgATP, to a lesser extent by MgADP, but not at all by AMP or ZMP [AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside) monophosphate]. ATP-activated binding of AMPKalpha to PPARalpha is mediated primarily by the C-terminal regulatory domain of AMPKalpha. PPARalpha co-activation by AMPKalpha may, however, require its secondary interaction with the N-terminal catalytic domain of AMPKalpha, independently of its kinase activity. While AMPK catalytic activity is activated by AICAR, PPARalpha co-activation and PPARalpha-controlled transcription are robustly inhibited by AICAR, with concomitant translocation of nuclear AMPKalpha or its kinase-less mutants to the cytosol. In conclusion, AMPKalpha, independently of its kinase activity, co-activates PPARalpha both in primary rat hepatocytes and in PPARalpha-transfected cells. The kinase and transcriptional co-activation modes of AMPKalpha are both regulated by the cellular ATP/AMP ratio. Co-activation of PPARalpha by AMPKalpha may transcriptionally complement AMPK in maintaining cellular ATP status.
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PMID:Kinase-independent transcriptional co-activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha by AMP-activated protein kinase. 1531 46

Histamine and thrombin cause phosphorylation and activation of endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS) on Ser1177. We tested the role of various protein kinases in mediating this effect in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Inhibition of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) had no effect. H89, an inhibitor of both protein kinase A (PKA) and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), strongly inhibited phosphorylation and activity of eNOS. Conversely, the PKA inhibitor Rp-adenosine 3 '5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMPS) had no effect and eNOS was not phosphorylated by treatments that affect cAMP levels. Thrombin and histamine caused phosphorylation of AMPK on Thr172 as well as on its downstream target acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Activation of AMPK using AICAR or CCCP also resulted in eNOS phosphorylation. We conclude that histamine and thrombin cause eNOS phosphorylation in an AMPK mediated manner, independent of P13K-Akt.
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PMID:Thrombin and histamine stimulate endothelial nitric-oxide synthase phosphorylation at Ser1177 via an AMPK mediated pathway independent of PI3K-Akt. 1532 94


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