Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase)
 95,810 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mammary gland development is coupled to reproductive events by hormonal cues of ovarian and pituitary origin, which activate a genomic regulatory network. Identification of the components and regulatory links that comprise this network will provide the basis for defining the network's dynamic response during normal development and its perturbation during breast carcinogenesis. In this study KIBRA was identified as a transcript showing decreased expression associated with failed mammary gland development in Prlr knockout mammary epithelium. It is strongly up-regulated during pregnancy, falls during lactation and is again up-regulated during involution of the gland at weaning. A bioinformatic approach was undertaken to identify potential binding partners which interact with the WW domains of KIBRA. We show that KIBRA binds to a WW domain binding motif, PPxY, in the tyrosine kinase receptor DDR1, and dissociates upon treatment with the DDR1 ligands collagen type I or IV. In addition we show that KIBRA and DDR1 also interact with PKCz to form a trimeric complex. Finally, overexpression and knockdown studies demonstrate that KIBRA promotes the collagen-stimulated activation of the MAPK cascade. Thus KIBRA may play a role in how the reproductive state influences the mammary epithelial cell to respond to changing cell-context information, such as experienced during the tissue remodeling events of mammary gland development.
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PMID:KIBRA interacts with discoidin domain receptor 1 to modulate collagen-induced signalling. 1819 Jul 96

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) is up-regulated in response to a nerve lesion and promotes axonal regeneration by activation of the tyrosine kinase receptor fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). To determine the effects of elevated FGFR1 levels on neurite outgrowth, overexpression was combined with lysosomal inhibition of receptor degradation. In pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, FGFR1 overexpression resulted in flattened morphology, increased neurite outgrowth and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and AKT. Degradation of FGFR1 was inhibited by the lysosomal inhibitor leupeptin and by the proteasomal inhibitor lactacystin. In rat primary adult neurons, FGFR1 overexpression enhanced FGF-2-induced axon growth which was further increased by co-treatment with leupeptin. Lysosomal inhibition of receptor degradation concomitant with ligand stimulation of neurons overexpressing FGFR1 provides new insight in tyrosine kinase receptor-mediated promotion of axon regeneration and demonstrates that adult sensory neurons express sub-optimal levels of tyrosine kinase receptors for neurotrophic factors.
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PMID:Promotion of neurite outgrowth by fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 overexpression and lysosomal inhibition of receptor degradation in pheochromocytoma cells and adult sensory neurons. 1840 Apr 5

The liver plays a key role in glucose homeostasis, lipid and energy metabolism. Its function is primarily controlled by the anabolic hormone insulin and its counterparts glucagon, catecholamines and glucocorticoids. Dysregulation of this homeostatic system is a major cause for development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The features of the underlying dynamic molecular network that coordinates systemic nutrient homeostasis are less clear. But recently, considerable progress has been made in elucidating molecular pathways and potential factors involved in the regulation of energy and lipid metabolism and affected in diabetic states. In this review we will focus on important stations in the complex network of molecules that control the balance between glucose production, glucose utilization and regulation of lipid metabolism. Special attention will be paid to the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins with the two major isoforms IRS-1 and IRS-2 as a critical node in hepatic insulin signalling. IRS proteins act as docking molecules to connect tyrosine kinase receptor activation to essential downstream kinase cascades, including activation of the PI-3 kinase or MAPK cascade. IRS-1 and IRS-2 are complementary key players in the regulation of hepatic insulin signalling and expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis and lipid metabolism. The function of IRS proteins is regulated by their expression levels and posttranslational modifications. This regulation within the dynamic molecular network that coordinates systemic nutrient homeostasis will be outlined in detail under the following conditions: after feeding, during fasting and during exercise. Dysfunction of IRS proteins initially leads to post-prandial hyperglycemia, increased hepatic glucose production, and dysregulated lipid synthesis and is discussed as major pathophysiological mechanism for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Understanding the molecular regulation and the pathophysiological modifications of IRS proteins is crucial in order to identify new sites for potential intervention to treat or prevent hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:How insulin receptor substrate proteins regulate the metabolic capacity of the liver--implications for health and disease. 1853 11

In response to injury, peripheral neuronal cells initiate complex signalling cascades to promote survival and regeneration. In the present study, we used a model of experimental injury in the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 to investigate receptor signals that lead to neurite outgrowth. Nerve growth factor (NGF) dose-dependently induced sprouting and the expression of the NGF receptors Trk tyrosine kinase receptor (TrkA) and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) as well as Fas and Fas ligand. Neurite regeneration was decreased by chemical inhibition of TrkA, but not p75(NTR), and by the Fas inhibitor protein Fas-Fc. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) were activated in response to NGF and both significantly contributed to neurite re-growth. Interestingly, otherwise apoptotic Fas ligation supported neuronal recovery exclusively via JNKs and promoted sprouting parallel to NGF. These findings suggest a novel signal integration from the NGF and Fas pathways in the JNK axis of MAPK signalling, where JNKs function as "physiological" mediators of normally apoptotic signals.
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PMID:c-Jun N-terminal kinases mediate Fas-induced neurite regeneration in PC12 cells. 1869 25

A 1926-ins-T mutation in the TrkA gene encoding the tyrosine kinase receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF) was previously documented in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA). These patients suffer from skin lacerations which often evolve into deep tissue infections. Abnormality in neutrophil functions may explain this high rate of severe infections. In this study we show that chemotaxis was significantly (P<0.001) suppressed in patients' neutrophils, compared to healthy controls. Although NGF alone did not exert a chemotactic effect, its presence enhanced both migration toward fMLP and phosphorylation of MAP kinases (ERK and JNK) in neutrophils from healthy controls, but not in neutrophils from CIPA patients. The significantly impaired chemotactic activity of neutrophils from a CIPA patient, which has been attributed to the molecular defect in the TrkA receptor, may contribute to the high rate of infection.
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PMID:Abnormal neutrophil chemotactic activity in children with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA): the role of nerve growth factor. 1895 16

The article reviews the main molecular pathology alterations of endometrial and ovarian carcinomas and melanoma. Several promising drugs targeting the genes most frequently altered in these tumors are under consideration. The most promising signaling pathways to be targeted for therapies in these tumors are the tyrosine kinase receptor (EGFR, HER2, c-KIT), the RAS/B-RAF/MAPK, the PI3K-mTOR, and apoptosis signaling pathways.
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PMID:Targeted therapies in gynecologic cancers and melanoma. 1901 92

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes involved in most common cancers are not involved in the great majority of pituitary adenomas. Similarly, there is little evidence to suggest that the mutations involved in genetic syndromes associated with pituitary tumors (such as the gsp, MEN1, PKAR1A or AIP mutations) are common in sporadic tumors. A novel pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG, securin) has been identified which is over-expressed in most tumors--but it is unclear as to its causal role in oncogenesis. Cell signaling abnormalities have been identified in pituitary tumors but their genetic basis is unknown. However, both the Akt pathway and the MAPK pathway are over-expressed in many pituitary tumors, which results in the inhibition of cell cycle inhibitors. These pathways share a common root in the tyrosine kinase receptor, and a change to these receptors or their relationship to membrane matrix-related proteins may be an early event in tumorigenesis.
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PMID:The molecular biology of pituitary tumors: a personal perspective. 1905 14

The c-MET proto-oncogene, encoding the p190 hepatocyte growth factor tyrosine kinase receptor, can acquire oncogenic potential by multiple mechanisms, such as gene rearrangement, amplification and overexpression, point mutation, and ectopic expression, all resulting in its constitutive activation. Hepatocyte growth factor receptor truncated forms are generated by post-translational cleavage: p140 and p130 lack the kinase domain and are inactive. Their C-terminal remnant fragments are generally undetectable in normal cells, but a membrane-associated truncated form is recognized by anti-C-terminus antibodies in some human tumors, suggesting that a hepatocyte growth factor receptor lacking the ectodomain, but retaining the transmembrane and intracellular domains (Met-EC-), could acquire oncogenic properties. Herein we show that NIH-3T3 cells transduced with MET-EC- expressed a membrane-associated constitutively tyrosine-phosphorylated 60-kDa protein and, similarly to NIH-3T3 cells expressing the cytosolic oncoprotein Tpr-Met, showed activated extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt downstream transducers. Compared to control NIH-3T3 cells, NIH-3T3-Met-EC- cells grew faster and showed anchorage-independent growth and invasive properties in all aspects similar to cells expressing the transforming TPR-MET. Nude female mice injected subcutaneously with NIH-3T3-Met-EC- cells developed visible tumors, displaying the typical morphology of carcinomas with polygonal cells, in contrast to sarcomas with spindle-shaped cells induced by the injection of NIH-3T3-Tpr-Met cells. It is suggested that the different subcellular localization of the oncoproteins, more than differences in signal transduction, could be responsible for the tumor phenotype. All together, these data show that deletion of the ectodomain activates the hepatocyte growth factor receptor and its downstream signaling pathways, unleashing its transforming, invasive, and tumorigenic potential.
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PMID:Deletion of the ectodomain unleashes the transforming, invasive, and tumorigenic potential of the MET oncogene. 1917 7

The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are frequently overexpressed and the tumor suppressor PTEN is often mutated in glioblastoma. Because PTEN can interact with c-Met-dependent signaling, we studied the effects of PTEN on c-Met-induced malignancy and associated molecular events and assessed the potential therapeutic value of combining PTEN restoration approaches with HGF/c-Met inhibition. We studied the effects of c-Met activation on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell migration, cell invasion, and associated molecular events in the settings of restored or inhibited PTEN expression in glioblastoma cells. We also assessed the experimental therapeutic effects of combining anti-HGF/c-Met approaches with PTEN restoration or mTOR inhibition. PTEN significantly inhibited HGF-induced proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration, and invasion of glioblastoma cells. PTEN attenuated HGF-induced changes of signal transduction proteins Akt, GSK-3, JNK, and mTOR as well as cell cycle regulatory proteins p27, cyclin E, and E2F-1. Combining PTEN restoration to PTEN-null glioblastoma cells with c-Met and HGF inhibition additively inhibited tumor cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Similarly, combining a monoclonal anti-HGF antibody (L2G7) with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin had additive inhibitory effects on glioblastoma cell proliferation. Systemic in vivo delivery of L2G7 and PTEN restoration as well as systemic in vivo deliveries of L2G7 and rapamycin additively inhibited intracranial glioma xenograft growth. These preclinical studies show for the first time that PTEN loss amplifies c-Met-induced glioblastoma malignancy and suggest that combining anti-HGF/c-Met approaches with PTEN restoration or mTOR inhibition is worth testing in a clinical setting.
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PMID:Interactions between PTEN and the c-Met pathway in glioblastoma and implications for therapy. 1919 Jan 20

ErbB-2 gene encodes tyrosine kinase receptor p185(neu). Overexpression of erbB-2 plays a key role in tumorigenesis or progression such as breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Our previous study showed that ON-III (2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone) extracted from Traditional Chinese Medicine Cleistocaly xoperculatus dry flower could inhibit KDR tyrosine kinase phosphorylation and tumor growth in vivo. In this study, we reported that ON-III repressed tyrosine phosphorylation of erbB-2 without reduced erbB-2 receptor expression in MDA-MB-453 cells. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT, downstream molecules of erbB-2-mediated signal transduction pathway, was inhibited following exposure to ON-III. ON-III induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells as determined by caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. Also, ON-III upregulated the expression of proapoptotic BH3-only Bcl-2 family member Bim. Bim siRNA could inhibit ON-III-mediated apoptosis in MDA-MB-453 cells. It concludes that ON-III inhibits erbB-2 tyrosine kinase phosphorylation, shuts down its downstream pathway and triggered apoptosis via induction of Bim. These results suggest that ON-III is a potential novel anti-cancer agent for erbB-2-overexpressing cancer.
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PMID:ON-III inhibits erbB-2 tyrosine kinase receptor signal pathway and triggers apoptosis through induction of Bim in breast cancer cells. 1924 12


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