Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase)
 95,810 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) appears to play an important role in inflammation and carcinogenesis, and 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) is a hydrophilic azo compound known to generate free radicals. Because reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to elevate COX-2 expression, we evaluated the effect of AAPH on the expression of COX-2 in a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. When cells were exposed to AAPH, marked COX-2 induction was observed. To clarify the signaling mechanism involved, we next investigated the effects of AAPH upon three major subfamilies of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). AAPH caused an increase in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). Furthermore, we found that PD98059, an ERK pathway inhibitor, and SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, diminished AAPH-induced COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production, whereas JNK inhibitor did not suppress COX-2 expression or PGE(2) production by AAPH. These findings suggest that the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways, but not the JNK pathway, are involved in AAPH-induced inflammatory progression. In addition, we found that both the water-soluble Vitamin E derivative, Trolox, and the green tea constituent, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), diminished AAPH-induced COX-2 expression and p38 activation.
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PMID:Involvement of ERK AND p38 MAP kinase in AAPH-induced COX-2 expression in HaCaT cells. 1499 26

We have investigated the biochemical, physiological, and behavioral properties of transgenic mice overexpressing the full-length neurotrophin receptor trkB (trkB.TK+). The highest trkB.TK+ mRNA overexpression was achieved in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal subfields, both areas also showing strongly increased trkB.TK+ receptor protein expression and phosphorylation. Furthermore, as a result of trkB.TK+ overexpression, partial activation of trkB downstream signaling was observed. Phosphorylation of phospholipaseCgamma-1 was increased but unexpectedly, the expression and phosphorylation levels of signaling molecules Shc and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were unaltered. Behavioral studies revealed improved learning and memory in the water maze, contextual fear conditioning, and conditioned taste aversion tests, and reduced anxiety in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and light-dark exploration tests in trkB.TK+ transgenic mice. Electrophysiological studies revealed a reduced long-term potentiation (LTP) at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse in trkB.TK+ mice. Altogether, overexpression of the trkB.TK+ receptor postnatally leads to selective activation of trkB signaling pathways and enhanced learning and memory.
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PMID:Transgenic mice overexpressing the full-length neurotrophin receptor trkB exhibit increased activation of the trkB-PLCgamma pathway, reduced anxiety, and facilitated learning. 1512 Nov 88

Increasing interest in anhydrobiosis ('life without water') has prompted the use of mammalian cells as a model in which candidate adaptations suspected of conferring desiccation tolerance can be tested. Despite this, there is no information on whether mammalian cells are able to sense and respond to desiccation. We have therefore examined the effect of desiccation on stress signalling pathways and on genes which are proposed to be expressed in response to water loss through osmotic stress. Depending on the severity of the drying regime, human cells survived for at least 24 h. Both SAPK/JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were activated within 30 min by desiccation as well as by all osmotica tested, and therefore MAPK pathways probably play an important role in both responses. Gene induction profiles differed under the two stress conditions, however: quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments showed that AR, BGT-1 and SMIT, which encode proteins governing organic osmolyte accumulation, were induced by hypersalinity but not by desiccation. This was surprising, since these genes have been proposed to be regulated by ionic strength and cell volume, both of which should be significantly affected in drying cells. Further investigation demonstrated that AR, BGT-1 and SMIT expression was dependent on the nature of the osmolyte. This suggests that their regulation involves factors other than intracellular ionic strength and cell volume changes, consistent with the lack of induction by desiccation. Our results show for the first time that human cells react rapidly to desiccation by MAPK activation, and that the response partially overlaps with that to hyperosmotic stress.
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PMID:Response of human cells to desiccation: comparison with hyperosmotic stress response. 1519 35

Growth factor-mediated signaling has emerged as an essential component of memory formation. In this study, we used a phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCgamma1) binding, cell-penetrating peptide to sequester PLCgamma1 away from its target, the phosphotyrosine residues within the activated growth factor receptor. Peptides appear to transduce neurons but not astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. The presence of the peptides in the hippocampus during training in the Morris water maze significantly impaired long-term memory, but not memory acquisition. These results, along with previous studies on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), implicate all three key growth factor receptor-activated intracellular signaling pathways in memory storage.
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PMID:A cell-permeable phospholipase Cgamma1-binding peptide transduces neurons and impairs long-term spatial memory. 1516 52

This study examined the effects of oral antibiotics to selectively decontaminate the digestive tract (SDD) on postburn myocardial signaling, inflammation, and function. We hypothesized that antibiotic therapy to eliminate pathogens from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract would reduce myocardial inflammatory responses and improve postburn myocardial performance. Sprague-Dawley rats received polymyxin E (15 mg), tobramycin (6 mg), and 5-flucytosin (100 mg) by oral gavage twice daily for 3 days preburn and 24 h postburn. Experimental groups included 1) sham burn given vehicle (3 ml water), 2) sham plus SDD, 3) burn over 40% total body surface area (TBSA) plus SDD, and 4) burn over 40% TBSA given vehicle. All burns received lactated Ringer solution (4 mg.kg(-1).%burn(-1)); myocardial signaling (PKCepsilon/p38 MAPK/NF-kappaB) was studied 2, 4, and 24 h postburn; and cytokine secretion (systemic and myocyte secreted cytokines, ELISA) and cardiac function were examined 24 h postburn. Vehicle-treated burn injury increased myocardial PKCepsilon/p38 MAPK expression, promoted NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, promoted TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10 secretion, and impaired myocardial function. SDD attenuated burn-related proinflammatory myocardial signaling, cytokine secretion, and myocardial contractile defects. Our data suggest that burn-related loss of GI barrier function and translocation of microbial products serve as upstream mediators of postburn myocardial inflammatory signaling and dysfunction.
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PMID:Selective decontamination of the digestive tract attenuated the myocardial inflammation and dysfunction that occur with burn injury. 1525 71

Loss of sleep may result in memory impairment. However, little is known about the biochemical basis for memory deficits induced by sleep deprivation. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is involved in memory consolidation in different tasks. Phosphorylation of ERK is necessary for its activation and is an important step in mediating neuronal responses to synaptic activities. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on memory and ERK phosphorylation in the brain. Rats were trained in Morris water maze to find a hidden platform (a spatial task) or a visible platform (a nonspatial task) after 6 h TSD or spontaneous sleep. TSD had no effect on spatial learning, but significantly impaired spatial memory tested 24 h after training. Nonspatial learning and memory were not impaired by TSD. Phospho-ERK levels in the hippocampus were significantly reduced after 6 h TSD compared to the controls and returned to the control levels after 2 h recovery sleep. Total ERK1 and ERK2 were slightly increased after 6 h TSD and returned to the control levels after 2 h recovery sleep. These alterations were not observed in the cortex after TSD. Protein phosphotase-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-2, which dephosphorylates phospho-ERK, were also measured, but they were not altered by TSD. The impairments of both spatial memory and ERK phosphorylation indicate that the hippocampus is vulnerable to sleep loss. These results are consistent with the idea that decreased ERK activation in the hippocampus is involved in sleep deprivation-induced spatial memory impairment.
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PMID:Sleep deprivation impairs spatial memory and decreases extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in the hippocampus. 1526 3

Preimplantation development encompasses the interval from insemination until embryo implantation and thus includes the 'freeliving' period of oviduct and uterine development. Formation of the blastocyst is required for implantation and establishment of pregnancy, and is a principal determinant of embryo quality prior to embryo transfer. Development through this period is regulated by the expression of specific gene families that encode for cell polarity, cell junctional, cytoskeletal, ion transporter, and water channel gene products that direct the acquisition of cell polarity and differentiation of the outer cells of the early embryo. This results in the formation of the trophectoderm, which is the first epithelium of development. This review considers the roles of each of these gene families in trophectoderm differentiation and blastocyst formation. The principal hypothesis under investigation is that blastocyst formation is regulated by a Na/K-ATPase-generated trans-trophectoderm ion gradient that promotes the accumulation of water across the epithelium. This, combined with the formation of the tight junction seal controlling paracellular movement of water between adjacent trophectoderm cells, results in the formation of a fluid-filled blastocyst cavity and the expansion of the blastocyst. Results from recent experiments, however, have cast some doubt on the role of Na/K-ATPase in mediating these events and have defined water channels or Aquaporins (AQPs) as physiological mediators of fluid movement across the trophectoderm. In addition, studies have now implicated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling as an important mediator of development to the blastocyst stage. Such studies define the physiology of blastocyst formation and serve to support the application of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to both human and animal species.
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PMID:Molecular regulation of blastocyst formation. 1527 81

Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that a close association exists between the elevated levels of arsenic in drinking water and the incidence of certain cancers, including transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. We have employed in vitro and in vivo models to examine the effects of sodium arsenite on the urinary bladder epithelium. Mice exposed to 0.01% sodium arsenite in drinking water demonstrated hyperproliferation of the bladder uroepithelium within 4 weeks after initiating treatment. This occurred in the absence of amorphous precipitates and was accompanied by the accumulation of trivalent arsenite (iAs(3+)), and to a lesser extent dimethylarsenic (DMA), arsenate (iAs(5+)), and monomethylarsenic (MMA) in bladder tissue. In contrast to the bladder, urinary secretion was primarily in the form of DMA and MMA. Arsenic-induced cell proliferation in the bladder epithelium was correlated with activation of the MAP kinase pathway, leading to extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase activity, AP-1 activation, and expression of AP-1-associated genes involved in cell proliferation. Activation of the MAP kinase pathway involved both epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor-dependent and -independent events, the latter involving Src activation. Studies summarized in this review suggest that arsenic accumulates in urinary bladder epithelium causing activation of specific signaling pathways that lead to chronic increased cell proliferation. This may play a non-epigenetic role in carcinogenesis by increasing the proliferation of initiated cells or increasing the mutational rate.
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PMID:Arsenic and urinary bladder cell proliferation. 1527 22

We hypothesized that sepsis during hyperglycemia would activate left ventricular (LV) mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling mechanisms and modulate generation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) that can contribute to the progression of LV dysfunction. A single injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg, via tail vein) was used to produce type 2 diabetes in male SD rats. Polymicrobial sepsis and sham-sepsis were induced using single i.p. injection of cecal inoculum and sterile 5% dextrose water, respectively, on the 13th and 27th day following STZ injection. Both 2-week (2-wk) and 4-wk diabetes groups were associated with hyperglycemia and weight loss. LV end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was significantly increased in 4-wk diabetes but not in 2-wk diabetes group. Plasma concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was significantly increased in 4-wk diabetes+sepsis group as compared to sham, 2-wk diabetes+sepsis and sepsis groups. Elevated plasma and LV ET-1 and NO byproducts (NOx) along with LV preproET-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression were observed in 4-wk but not in 2-wk diabetes group. Sepsis further elevated LV iNOS and preproET-1 in 4-wk diabetes group. Up-regulated phosphorylation of LV p38-MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and heat shock protein-27 (Hsp27) was observed in 4-wk diabetes group. Sepsis caused a factorial increase in LV p38-MAPK and Hsp27 phosphorylation and iNOS up-regulation but not ERK1/2 following progression from 2-wk to 4-wk diabetes. The study provides evidence that sepsis up-regulated LV iNOS, p38-MAPK phosphorylation and elevated LVEDP during 4-wk diabetes. We concluded that sepsis contributes in the development of LVEDP dysfunction and alteration in signaling mechanisms depending upon the progression from 2-wk to 4-wk diabetes in the rat.
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PMID:Left ventricular mitogen activated protein kinase signaling following polymicrobial sepsis during streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia. 1533 69

Various forms of cellular stress induce adaptive responses through poorly understood mechanisms. In maintaining homeostasis, endothelial cells respond and adapt to changes in oxidative stress that prevail in the circulation. Endothelial cells are also the target of many oxidative stress-based vascular therapies. The objectives of this study were to determine whether endothelial cells adapt to oxidative stress induced upon the photosensitization of WST11 (a water-soluble Pd-bacteriochlorophyll derivative being developed as a photodynamic agent) and to study possible cellular mechanisms involved. The hallmark of WST11-based photodynamic therapy is the in situ generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species causing vascular shutdown, hypoxia, and tumor eradication. Here we demonstrated that photodynamic therapy also induces adaptive responses and tolerance following a sublethal preconditioning of endothelial cells with the same (homologous) or different (heterologous) stressor. A link among p38 MAPK activity, expression of hsp70 and hsp27, and homologous adaptation to reactive oxygen species induced by photosensitized WST11 was established. In addition to characterization of some key proteins involved, our observations provide a beneficial new working tool for the studies of mechanisms involved in oxidative stress and adaptation using light-controlled photosensitization.
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PMID:Homologous adaptation to oxidative stress induced by the photosensitized Pd-bacteriochlorophyll derivative (WST11) in cultured endothelial cells. 1533 36


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