Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase)
 95,810 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Angiotensin II (AII) is a growth factor that stimulates protein synthesis and induces cellular hypertrophy in aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC). This trophic effect is mediated by the AT1 subtype of AII receptors. However, very little is known about the cellular signaling pathways involved in this response. In the present study, we examined the role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the growth-promoting effects of AII on rat aortic SMC. The addition of AII to quiescent aortic SMC induced tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple substrates, as revealed by antiphosphotyrosine immunoblotting. This response was blocked by preincubation with the AT1-selective antagonist losartan. To explore the functional role of this signaling pathway, we performed experiments with two mechanistically distinct tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Treatment of quiescent aortic SMC with genistein and herbimycin A abolished the stimulatory effect of AII on overall protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Similarly, the two inhibitors prevented AII-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein paxillin. Under the same conditions, incubation with genistein or herbimycin A did not interfere with AII binding to the AT1 receptor and did not significantly affect AII-stimulated inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate production and Ca2+ mobilization. In parallel to their selective action on tyrosine phosphorylation, both genistein and herbimycin A completely inhibited AII-stimulated protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the two inhibitors were much less potent in preventing the trophic effect of phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate in these cells. We further demonstrate that genistein and herbimycin A did not prevent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and c-fos gene induction, which is consistent with the notion that these downstream effectors do not link AII-induced tyrosine phosphorylation to protein synthesis. These results provide evidence that tyrosine phosphorylation has a critical role in cellular hypertrophy and is involved in AII action in vascular SMC.
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PMID:Involvement of a tyrosine kinase pathway in the growth-promoting effects of angiotensin II on aortic smooth muscle cells. 747 82

Integrin receptors play important roles in organizing the actin-containing cytoskeleton and in signal transduction from the extracellular matrix. The initial steps in integrin function can be analyzed experimentally using beads coated with ligands or anti-integrin antibodies to trigger rapid focal transmembrane responses. A hierarchy of transmembrane actions was identified in this study. Simple integrin aggregation triggered localized transmembrane accumulation of 20 signal transduction molecules, including RhoA, Rac1, Ras, Raf, MEK, ERK, and JNK. In contrast, out of eight cytoskeletal molecules tested, only tensin coaccumulated. Integrin aggregation alone was also sufficient to induce rapid activation of the JNK pathway, with kinetics of activation different from those of ERK. The tyrosine kinase inhibitors herbimycin A or genistein blocked both the accumulation of 19 out of 20 signal transduction molecules and JNK- and ERK-mediated signaling. Cytochalasin D had identical effects, whereas three other tyrosine kinase inhibitors did not. The sole exception among signaling molecules was the kinase pp125FAK which continued to coaggregate with alpha 5 beta 1 integrins even in the presence of these inhibitors. Tyrosine kinase inhibition also failed to block the ability of ligand occupancy plus integrin aggregation to trigger transmembrane accumulation of the three cytoskeletal molecules talin, alpha-actinin, and vinculin; these molecules accumulated even in the presence of cytochalasin D. However, it was necessary to fulfill all four conditions, i.e., integrin aggregation, integrin occupancy, tyrosine kinase activity, and actin cytoskeletal integrity, to achieve integrin-mediated focal accumulation of other cytoskeletal molecules including F-actin and paxillin. Integrins therefore mediate a transmembrane hierarchy of molecular responses.
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PMID:Integrin function: molecular hierarchies of cytoskeletal and signaling molecules. 759 97

The very late activated Ag (VLA) molecules not only mediate T cell adhesions, but also provide costimulation in a TCR/CD3-dependent manner. However, little is known about the signals mediated by the ligation of VLA molecules. Previous work from our laboratory identified a 105-kDa protein that is predominantly phosphorylated on tyrosine residue upon engagement of VLA-4 in a human T lymphoblastic cell line, H9, and in peripheral T cells. In the present study, we have shown that the A and B epitope of VLA-4 plays a key role in VLA-4-mediated T cell costimulation. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the solid phase cross-linking of VLA-4 using Ab (against A and B) or the CS-1 region of fibronectin, stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of 140-, 120-, 80- to 70-, 60- to 55-, 50-, and 45-kDa proteins in addition to the 105-kDa protein. In contrast, Ab ligation of the C epitope of VLA-4 mainly induced tyrosine phosphorylation of pp105, weakly induced other protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and additionally induced only minimal T cell costimulation. Using immunoblotting, we have identified some of the tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins to be phospholipase C gamma (pp140), pp125 focal adhesion kinase (pp120), paxillin (pp70 and pp50), p59fyn/p56lck (pp60-55), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (pp45). Since solid phase cross-linking of VLA-4 by B2 epitope-specific Ab induced T cell costimulation most strongly via the CD3 pathway, our results suggested that the above tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins may play an important role in VLA-4-mediated T cell costimulatory signaling events.
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PMID:Role of the VLA-4 molecule in T cell costimulation. Identification of the tyrosine phosphorylation pattern induced by the ligation of VLA-4. 767 11

The human cholecystokinin (CCK)B/gastrin receptor was stably transfected into Rat1 fibroblasts to examine the signaling pathways mediated by this seven-transmembrane, G protein-linked receptor. We report here that binding of CCK-8 or gastrin to the CCKB/gastrin receptor induced phosphoinositide breakdown and led to a rapid, transient, and concentration-dependent increase in intracellular Ca2+, which was completely blocked by a specific CCKB receptor antagonist. The peptides also stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (p125FAK) and paxillin. Both CCK-8 and gastrin induced a dose- and time-dependent activation of MAP kinase and p74raf-1 kinase in the transfected Rat1 cells. These effects could be dissociated from protein kinase C activation and were not dependent on a functional Gi protein. Finally, both CCK-8 and gastrin induced DNA synthesis in Rat1 cells transfected with the human CCKB/gastrin receptor through a pertussis toxin-insensitive pathway. These results indicate that the neuropeptides gastrin and CCK can activate multiple signal transduction pathways and act as sole mitogens by binding to the CCKB/gastrin receptor transfected into Rat1 fibroblasts.
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PMID:The human CCKB/gastrin receptor transfected into rat1 fibroblasts mediates activation of MAP kinase, p74raf-1 kinase, and mitogenesis. 779 6

Accumulating evidence suggests that the VLA/CD29 molecule plays an important role in T-cell costimulation, and CD4+CD29/VLA+ memory T cells play a key role in induction of CD8 killer effector T cells which are considered to be a major population involved in graft rejection. To target limited elements of the T-lymphocyte population, we have described the preparation of a bispecific antibody-toxin conjugate designed to target CD4+CD29+ memory T cells. We also showed that the solid-phase crosslinking of VLA-4 by the antibody against this molecule or by its ligand, the CS-1 region of fibronectin, stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of 140, 120-105, 80-70, 60-55, 50 and 45 kilodalton proteins. In addition, we identified the pp140 protein as PLC gamma, pp120 protein as pp125FAK, pp70 and pp50 proteins as paxillin, and pp60-55 proteins as pp59fyn and pp56lck, and pp45 as MAP kinase, respectively. Moreover, we demonstrated that pp125FAK is directly associated with paxillin. The paxillin binding domain of pp125FAK is homologous to the paxillin binding domain of vinculin. Mutations in the conserved amino acid residues between pp125FAK and vinculin result in the loss of paxillin-binding activity. Because VLA/CD29 is preferentially expressed on CD4 memory T cells, the above described system will be used to develop a novel drug design for providing selective immunosuppression useful for organ transplantation.
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PMID:Selective immunomodulation: utilization of CD29/VLA molecules. 885 91

Angiotensin II (Ang II), a potent hypertrophic factor for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), induces activation of the ras proto-oncogene product (Ras) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, and tyrosine phosphorylation of a focal adhesion-associated protein, paxillin. Forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate cyclase, and dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2 cAMP), a membrane permeable cAMP analogue, potently inhibited Ang II-stimulated protein synthesis. However, they did not inhibit Ang II-induced activation of Ras and MAP kinases. Although both forskolin and Bt2 cAMP potently reduced background tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, they allowed Ang II to induce the same reaction. These results indicate that increasing cAMP antagonizes the hypertrophic response to Ang II without affecting Ras and MAP kinase activation in VSMC and suggest that it does not interrupt signaling from the Ang II receptor to focal adhesions.
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PMID:Increasing cAMP antagonizes hypertrophic response to angiotensin II without affecting Ras and MAP kinase activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. 894 20

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase implicated in controlling cellular responses to the engagement of cell-surface integrins, including cell spreading and migration, survival and proliferation. Aberrant FAK signaling may contribute to the process of cell transformation by certain oncoproteins, including v-Src. Progress toward elucidating the events leading to FAK activation following integrin-mediated cell adhesion, as well as events downstream of FAK, has come through the identification of FAK phosphorylation sites and interacting proteins. A signaling partnership is formed between FAK and Src-family kinases, leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and associated 'docking' proteins Cas and paxillin. Subsequent recruitment of proteins containing Src homology 2 domains, including Grb2 and c-Crk, to the complex is likely to trigger adhesion-induced cellular responses, including changes to the actin cytoskeleton and activation of the Ras-MAP kinase pathway.
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PMID:Signaling through focal adhesion kinase. 904 43

Alveolar epithelial type II cells are the progenitor cells for restoring the alveolar epithelial barrier after acute lung injury. During repair of lung injury, the alveolar epithelial type II cells reepithelialize denuded air spaces, a process that involves breaking and reforming cell adhesions. A novel technique of mechanical separation of cultured alveolar epithelial cells from in vitro matrix was used to examine the intracellular signals that result when alveolar epithelial cell adhesions are broken. The results show that the tyrosine phosphorylation levels of focal adhesion kinase, paxillin, and pp60(src) decreased immediately after mechanical separation of the cells. Levels returned to nearly normal by 24 h after mechanical separation. Paxillin and pp60(scr) coprecipitated with focal adhesion kinase regardless of their phosphorylation state. Interestingly, the tyrosine phosphorylation level of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, p42(erk2), increased 15 min after mechanical separation. Preincubation of cell monolayers with phenylarsine oxide, a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, blocked the decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation levels of focal adhesion kinase, paxillin and pp60(src). Phenylarsine oxide incubation also prevented readhesion of mechanically separated cells at 24 h, but genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, had no effect. We conclude that protein tyrosine phosphatases are activated immediately after cultured alveolar epithelial cells are mechanically separated from in vitro matrix, and their activation is required for alveolar epithelial cell readhesion.
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PMID:Protein tyrosine phosphatases mediate cell readhesion in alveolar epithelial cells mechanically separated from in vitro matrix. 916 Aug 44

We and others have recently cloned a non-receptor, calcium-dependent tyrosine kinase (CADTK; also known as PYK2, CAKbeta, and RAFTK) that shares both overall domain structure and 45% amino acid identity with p125(FAK). We have studied the signaling, activation, and potential function of these related enzymes in GN4 rat liver epithelial cells that express CADTK and p125(FAK) at roughly similar levels. p125(FAK) is nearly fully tyrosine-phosphorylated in resting GN4 cells. In contrast, while CADTK is not tyrosine-autophosphorylated in untreated cells, angiotensin II increases CADTK Tyr(P) by 5-10-fold. With regard to signaling, CADTK activation is correlated with stimulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p70(S6K) pathways but not with the stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase or p90(RSK). In this report we assessed the contribution of CADTK and p125(FAK) to tyrosine phosphorylation of focal contact proteins. In adherent GN4 cells, the constitutive activity of p125(FAK) was correlated with basal paxillin, tensin, and p130(CAS) tyrosine phosphorylation. A rapid increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of each protein was detected after treatment with angiotensin II or other agonists that stimulate CADTK; the prolonged 3-4-fold increase in paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation was the most substantial change. In the WB cell line that expresses 3-fold less CADTK than GN4 cell line agonist-dependent paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation is similarly reduced. Immunoprecipitation of CADTK from GN4 cells revealed CADTK. paxillin complexes that persisted in 500 mM NaCl but not in 0.1% SDS cell lysis buffer. The complexes were largely independent of the tyrosine phosphorylation state of either protein. Surprisingly, we did not detect p125(FAK).paxillin complexes in immunoprecipitates using either of two p125(FAK) antibodies. When CADTK and p125(FAK) were transiently overexpressed in 293(T) cells, both enzymes associated with paxillin, but the avidity of CADTK appeared to be greater. In addition, in transfected 293(T) cells, complexes between CADTK and another potential substrate, p130(CAS), were detected. In summary, in GN4 rat liver epithelial cells stimulation of CADTK was highly correlated with paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation; in addition, CADTK but not p125(FAK) was complexed to paxillin at detectable levels. This suggests that agonist-dependent cytoskeletal changes in epithelial cells might proceed, in part, by CADTK-dependent mechanisms.
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PMID:Paxillin is tyrosine-phosphorylated by and preferentially associates with the calcium-dependent tyrosine kinase in rat liver epithelial cells. 916 70

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulated the tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple components in confluent human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) including bands of Mr 205,000, corresponding to the VEGF receptors Flt-1 and KDR, and Mr 145,000, 120,000, 97,000, and 65,000-70,000. VEGF caused a striking and transient increase in mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity and stimulated phospholipase C-gamma tyrosine phosphorylation, but it had no effect on phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase activity. VEGF caused a marked increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of p125 focal adhesion kinase (p125(FAK)), which was both rapid and concentration-dependent. VEGF produced similar effects on p125(FAK) in the endothelial cell line ECV.304. VEGF stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the 68-kDa focal adhesion-associated component, paxillin, with similar kinetics and concentration dependence to that for p125(FAK). Thrombin and the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, also increased p125(FAK) tyrosine phosphorylation in HUVECs. The effect of VEGF on p125(FAK) tyrosine phosphorylation was completely inhibited by the actin filament-disrupting agent cytochalasin D and was partially inhibited by the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X. Inhibition of the MAP kinase pathway using a specific inhibitor of MAP kinase kinase had no effect on p125(FAK) tyrosine phosphorylation. VEGF stimulated migration and actin stress fiber formation in confluent HUVEC, and VEGF-induced p125(FAK)/paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation was accompanied by increased immunofluorescent staining of p125(FAK), paxillin, and phosphotyrosine in focal adhesions in confluent cultures of HUVECs. These findings identify p125(FAK) and paxillin as components in a VEGF-stimulated signaling pathway and suggest a novel mechanism for VEGF regulation of endothelial cell functions.
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PMID:Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment to new focal adhesions of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin in endothelial cells. 918 76


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