Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.11.22 (cdc2)
 8,319 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have identified a novel gene encoding a putative protein kinase from a Drosophila genomic library. The gene, about 2 kbp in length, consists of four exons and codes for a protein of 349 amino acid residues. The deduced sequence shows significant similarity to various kinases, especially to a subgroup of Ser/Thr kinases related to Cdc2 kinase; thus, the gene was termed Dcdrk (Drosophila cdc2-related kinase gene). Among the kinases examined, mammalian galactosyltransferase-associated 58 kDa protein kinase showed the highest homology (about 50% identity in the kinase domain) to Dcdrk kinase. Northern blot analysis revealed that the Dcdrk mRNA is expressed throughout development in nearly constant amounts. Moreover, a whole mount in situ hybridization experiment showed that the Dcdrk mRNA is ubiquitously distributed in almost all embryonic cells and tissues, suggesting a universal function of Dcdrk, possibly in cell cycle regulation.
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PMID:Identification of a novel Drosophila gene encoding a Cdc2-related protein kinase. 818 24

At the onset of mitosis, the Golgi apparatus, which consists of several cisternae, disperses throughout the cell to be partitioned into daughter cells. The molecular mechanisms of this process are now beginning to be understood. To investigate the biochemical requirements and kinetics of mitotic Golgi membrane dynamics in polarized cells, we have reconstituted the disassembly of the Golgi apparatus by introducing Xenopus egg extracts into permeabilized Mardin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. We used green fluorescence protein (GFP)-tagged galactosyltransferase-expressing MDCK cells to analyze the morphological changes of the Golgi membrane in the semi-intact system. Analyses by fluorescence and electron microscopies showed that the Golgi disassembly can be dissected into two elementary processes morphologically. In the first process, the perinuclear Golgi stacks break into punctate structures, intermediates, which are comprised of mini-stacks of cisternae associating with apical microtubule networks. In the second process, the structures fragment more thoroughly or substantially relocate to the ER. Our analyses further showed that cdc2 kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK = MEK) are differently involved in these two processes: the first process is mainly regulated by MEK and the second mainly by cdc2.
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PMID:MEK and Cdc2 kinase are sequentially required for Golgi disassembly in MDCK cells by the mitotic Xenopus extracts. 1076 17

Cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11; also named PITSLRE) is part of the large family of p34(cdc2)-related kinases whose functions appear to be linked with cell cycle progression, tumorigenesis, and apoptotic signaling. The mechanism that CDK11(p58) induces apoptosis is not clear. Some evidences suggested beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (beta1,4-GT 1) might participate in apoptosis induced by CDK11(p58). In this study, we demonstrated that ectopically expressed beta1,4-GT 1 increased CDK11(p58)-mediated apoptosis induced by cycloheximide (CHX). In contrast, RNAi-mediated knockdown of beta1,4-GT 1 effectively inhibited apoptosis induced by CHX in CDK11(p58)-overexpressing cells. For example, the cell morphological and nuclear changes were reduced; the loss of cell viability was prevented and the number of cells in sub-G1 phase was decreased. Knock down of beta1,4-GT 1 also inhibited the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and caspase-3 processing. Therefore, the cleavage of CDK11(p58) by caspase-3 was reduced. We proposed that beta1,4-GT 1 might contribute to the pro-apoptotic effect of CDK11(p58). This may represent a new mechanism of beta1,4-GT 1 in CHX-induced apoptosis of CDK11(p58)-overexpressing cells.
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PMID:Downregulation of beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 inhibits CDK11(p58)-mediated apoptosis induced by cycloheximide. 1562 59

Arabidopsis has over 80 genes encoding conserved and plant-specific core cell cycle regulators, but in most cases neither their timing of expression in the cell cycle is known nor whether they represent redundant and/or tissue-specific functions. Here we identify novel cell cycle regulators, including new cyclin-dependent kinases related to the mammalian galactosyltransferase-associated protein kinase p58, and new classes of cyclin-like and CDK-like proteins showing strong tissue specificity of expression. We analyse expression of all cell cycle regulators in synchronized Arabidopsis cell cultures using multiple approaches including Affymetrix microarrays, massively parallel signature sequencing and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and in plant material using the results of over 320 microarray experiments. These global analyses reveal that most core cell cycle regulators are expressed across almost all tissues and more than 85% are expressed at detectable levels in the cell suspension culture, allowing us to present a unified model of transcriptional regulation of the plant cell cycle. Characteristic patterns of D-cyclin expression in early and late G1 phase, either limited to the re-entry cycle or continuously oscillating, suggest that several CYCD genes with strong oscillatory regulation in late G1 may play the role of cyclin E in plants. Alone amongst the six groups of A and B type cyclins, members of CYCA3 peak in S-phase suggest it is a major component of S-phase kinases, whereas others show a peak in G2/M. 82 genes share this G2/M regulatory pattern, about half being new candidate mitotic genes of previously unknown function.
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PMID:Global analysis of the core cell cycle regulators of Arabidopsis identifies novel genes, reveals multiple and highly specific profiles of expression and provides a coherent model for plant cell cycle control. 1568 19