Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.11.22 (cdc2)
 8,319 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

CTCF is a multifunctional transcription factor encoded by a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene (Filippova, G. N., Lindblom, A., Meinke, L. J., Klenova, E. M., Neiman, P. E., Collins, S. J., Doggett, N. D., and Lobanenkov, V. V. (1998) Genes Chromosomes Cancer 22, 26-36). We characterized genomic organization of the chicken CTCF (chCTCF) gene, and studied the chCTCF promoter. Genomic locus of chCTCF contains a GC-rich untranslated exon separated from seven coding exons by a long intron. The 2-kilobase pair region upstream of the major transcription start site contains a CpG island marked by a "Not-knot" that includes sequence motifs characteristic of a TATA-less promoter of housekeeping genes. When fused upstream of a reporter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, it acts as a strong transcriptional promoter in transient transfection experiments. The minimal 180-base pair chCTCF promoter region that is fully sufficient to confer high level transcriptional activity to the reporter contains high affinity binding element for the transcription factor YY1. This element is strictly conserved in chicken, mouse, and human CTCF genes. Mutations in the core nucleotides of the YY1 element reduce transcriptional activity of the minimal chCTCF promoter, indicating that the conserved YY1-binding sequence is critical for transcriptional regulation of vertebrate CTCF genes. We also noted in the chCTCF promoter several elements previously characterized in cell cycle-regulated genes, including the "cell cycle-dependent element" and "cell cycle gene homology region" motifs shown to be important for S/G2-specific up-regulation of cdc25C, cdc2, cyclin A, and Plk (polo-like kinase) gene promoters. Presence of the cell cycle-dependent element/cell cycle gene homology region element suggested that chCTCF expression may be cell cycle-regulated. We show that both levels of the endogenous chCTCF mRNA, and the activity of the stably transfected chCTCF promoter constructs, increase in S/G2 cells.
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PMID:Characterization of the chicken CTCF genomic locus, and initial study of the cell cycle-regulated promoter of the gene. 975 95

The impact of vitrification procedures on in vitro matured (IVM) ovine oocytes mRNA content and ability to undergo successful fertilization, cleavage and embronic development was assessed. Vitrified-warmed (n = 113) and control (n = 140) IVM oocytes were in vitro fertilized and cultured up to blastocyst stage under standard conditions. Vitrified oocytes showed lower cleavage rate (47% vs. 75%, P < 0.001) and development to blastocyst stage (17% vs. 57%, P < 0.001) than controls. In addition, the timings of the first cleavage and blastocysts production were significantly delayed in the vitrified-warmed group (P < 0.001 in both cases). In parallel, we analyzed by reverse transcriptase real-time PCR the relative abundance of beta-actin, H2A.Z histone, Poli A Polimerase (PAP), Heat Shock Protein 90 beta (HSP90 beta), P34(cdc2), Cyclin b, Na/K-ATPase and Type I cadherin (E-Cad) transcripts in single IVM controls (n = 24) and vitrified-warmed oocytes (n = 40). Results were normalized against the exogenous rabbit alpha-globin mRNA standard and the beta-actin housekeeping gene and similarly described a lower abundance of most mRNAs in oocytes subjected to vitrification procedures. When normalized against the exogenous standard mRNA, all transcripts except for beta-actin and H2A.Z showed a significantly different abundance in the two classes of oocytes. The same results were obtained after normalization against the internal standard, except for HSP90 beta and E-Cad transcripts, whose lower abundance in vitrified-warmed oocytes resulted prominent, but not significant (P = 0.083 and P = 0.068, respectively). The oocyte lower transcripts abundance following vitrification might be an early indicator of poor quality in good correlation with the developmental data to blastocyst stage.
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PMID:Vitrification of in vitro matured ovine oocytes affects in vitro pre-implantation development and mRNA abundance. 1788 74

In the wake of recent progress of high throughput transcriptome profiling technologies, extensive housekeeping gene mining has been conducted in humans. However, very few studies have been reported in maize (Zea mays L.), an important crop plant, and none were conducted on a genome -wide level. In this study, we surveyed housekeeping genes throughout the maize transcriptome using RNA-seq and microarray techniques, and validated the housekeeping profile with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) under a series of conditions including different genotypes and nitrogen supplies. Seven microarray datasets and two RNA-seq libraries representing 40 genotypes at more than 20 developmental stages were selected to screen for commonly expressed genes. A total of 1,661 genes showed constitutive expression in both microarray and RNA-seq datasets, serving as our starting housekeeping gene candidates. To determine for stably expressed housekeeping genes, NormFinder was used to select the top 20 % invariable genes to be the more likely candidates, which resulted in 48 and 489 entries from microarray and RNA-seq data, respectively. Among them, nine genes (2OG-Fe, CDK, DPP9, DUF, NAC, RPN, SGT1, UPF1 and a hypothetical protein coding gene) were expressed in all 40 maize diverse genotypes tested covering 16 tissues at more than 20 developmental stages under normal and stress conditions, implying these as being the most reliable reference genes. qPCR analysis confirmed the stable expression of selected reference gene candidates compared to two widely used housekeeping genes. All the reference gene candidates showed higher invariability than ACT and GAPDH. The hypothetical protein coding gene exhibited the most stable expression across 26 maize lines with different nitrogen treatments with qPCR, followed by CDK encoding the cyclin-dependent kinase. As the first study to systematically screen for housekeeping genes in maize, we identified candidates by examining the transcriptome atlas generated from RNA-seq and microarray technologies. The nine top-ranked qPCR-validated novel housekeeping genes provide a valuable resource of reference genes for maize gene expression analysis.
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PMID:Genome-wide identification of housekeeping genes in maize. 2520 10