Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.11.22 (cdc2)
 8,319 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report that recombinant glia maturation factor (GMF), a 17-kDa brain protein, inhibits the activity of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in the test tube assay, in particular the ERK1/ERK2 isoforms. A preliminary phosphorylation of GMF by protein kinase A (PKA) dramatically increases its inhibitory effect by over 600-fold (Ki approximately 3 nM), making it the most potent MAP kinase inhibitor ever reported. Immunoprecipitation of GMF from cell extracts using its specific antibody coprecipitates ERK (and vice versa), suggesting the association of the two proteins in the cell. The inhibitory effect of PKA-phosphorylated GMF is specific, as it does not suppress the activity of cdc2 kinase, another proline-directed kinase. Nor does it inhibit MAP kinase kinase (MEK) and MAP kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase-2, the two enzymes immediately upstream and downstream, respectively, of ERK. Of the other three enzymes that can phosphorylate GMF, only p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) enhances the inhibitory function of GMF on ERK; protein kinase C (PKC) and casein kinase II (CKII) are without effect. The inhibition of ERK by PKA-phosphorylated GMF suggests that GMF could be one of the mediators of the suppressive effect of the PKA pathway on the MAP kinase pathway. On the other hand, that RSK-phosphorylated GMF also inhibits ERK implies a negative feedback loop in the regulation of MAP kinase activity.
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PMID:In vitro inhibition of MAP kinase (ERK1/ERK2) activity by phosphorylated glia maturation factor (GMF). 863 70

At low concentrations (50 nM), okadaic acid (OA), an inhibitor of phosphatases 1 and 2A, inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-induced cell proliferation in late G1 (A. Simm et al., Exp. Cell Res., 210: 160-165, 1994). This inhibition is caused by the interference of OA in the induction and activation of the cell division protein kinases cdk1 and cdk2. OA alone has no effect on cell number, but induces a pronounced increase in cell size. The OA-induced hypertrophy can be divided into two phases. The first phase is characterized by a swelling of the cells. This increase in cellular volume is not accompanied by a change in the level of cellular macromolecules, i.e., protein and RNA. Inhibitor studies indicated a possible role of the Na+/H+ antiporter and Cl- channels in this process. In the second phase, an increase in the cellular protein and RNA content was observed along with a minor change in cell volume. To delineate a possible signaling pathway, the involvement of numerous protein kinases was analyzed. Low concentrations of OA lead to pronounced and sustained activation of the p70S6 kinase. There was little or no effect on various other kinases that can be activated by extracellular signals, e.g., mitogen-activated kinase, ribosomal S6 kinase, or other S6 peptide kinases. Likewise, at these concentrations, OA did not activate the genes for fos, myc, or ornithine decarboxylase. At very low concentrations (ED50, 0.5 nM), rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the activation of p70S6 kinase, reversed the activation of the p70S6 kinase and the enhancement of RNA synthesis and partially the increase in cell volume and protein synthesis. The OA-induced hypertrophy of AKR-2B fibroblasts may serve as a model system for investigations aimed at the identification of signaling pathways leading to hypertrophy of differentiated nonproliferating cells.
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PMID:Okadaic acid induces cellular hypertrophy in AKR-2B fibroblasts: involvement of the p70S6 kinase in the onset of protein and rRNA synthesis. 887 1

Vertebrate oocytes arrest in metaphase of the second meiotic division (MII), where they maintain a high cdc2/cyclin B activity and a stable, bipolar spindle because of cytostatic factor (CSF) activity. The Mos-MAPK pathway is essential for establishing CSF. Indeed, oocytes from the mos-/- strain do not arrest in MII and activate without fertilization, as do Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with morpholino oligonucleotides directed against Mos. In Xenopus oocytes, p90Rsk (ribosomal S6 kinase), a MAPK substrate, is the main mediator of CSF activity. We show here that this is not the case in mouse oocytes. The injection of constitutively active mutant forms of Rsk1 and Rsk2 does not induce a cell cycle arrest in two-cell mouse embryos. Moreover, these two mutant forms do not restore MII arrest after their injection into mos-/- oocytes. Eventually, oocytes from the triple Rsk (1, 2, 3) knockout present a normal CSF arrest. We demonstrate that p90Rsk is not involved in the MII arrest of mouse oocytes.
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PMID:p90Rsk is not involved in cytostatic factor arrest in mouse oocytes. 1583 1

The specificities of 65 compounds reported to be relatively specific inhibitors of protein kinases have been profiled against a panel of 70-80 protein kinases. On the basis of this information, the effects of compounds that we have studied in cells and other data in the literature, we recommend the use of the following small-molecule inhibitors: SB 203580/SB202190 and BIRB 0796 to be used in parallel to assess the physiological roles of p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) isoforms, PI-103 and wortmannin to be used in parallel to inhibit phosphatidylinositol (phosphoinositide) 3-kinases, PP1 or PP2 to be used in parallel with Src-I1 (Src inhibitor-1) to inhibit Src family members; PD 184352 or PD 0325901 to inhibit MKK1 (MAPK kinase-1) or MKK1 plus MKK5, Akt-I-1/2 to inhibit the activation of PKB (protein kinase B/Akt), rapamycin to inhibit TORC1 [mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)-raptor (regulatory associated protein of mTOR) complex], CT 99021 to inhibit GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3), BI-D1870 and SL0101 or FMK (fluoromethylketone) to be used in parallel to inhibit RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase), D4476 to inhibit CK1 (casein kinase 1), VX680 to inhibit Aurora kinases, and roscovitine as a pan-CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor. We have also identified harmine as a potent and specific inhibitor of DYRK1A (dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylated and -regulated kinase 1A) in vitro. The results have further emphasized the need for considerable caution in using small-molecule inhibitors of protein kinases to assess the physiological roles of these enzymes. Despite being used widely, many of the compounds that we analysed were too non-specific for useful conclusions to be made, other than to exclude the involvement of particular protein kinases in cellular processes.
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PMID:The selectivity of protein kinase inhibitors: a further update. 1785 Feb 14

An aromatic fatty acid, phenylacetate (PA), has been shown to have cytostatic, antitumor and cell differentiation-inducing effects on various kinds of tumors. Previously, we have demonstrated cell growth inhibition, malignant phenotype reduction and cell differentiation effects of sodium phenylacetate (NaPA) treatment in a canine mammary tumor cell line. To clarify the molecular mechanism of these effects, we examined the expression of Ras/MAPK signaling pathway-related molecules in human and canine breast cancer cell lines, and found that the level of c-Raf-1 protein was reduced by 5, 10 and 20 mM of NaPA treatments, though Ras activation was maintained. Dephosphorylation of c-Raf-1 at Serine (Ser) 259, Ser 338, and Ser 621 were also seen in NaPA-treated cells. Downstream factors in the pathway, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK)1/2 and ERK1/2, showed decreased activity, and accordingly, expressions of cyclinD1, c-myc, and inactivation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), which are MAPK targets, were reduced. We also observed the reduction of cell-cycle-promoted molecules, such as cdc1/cdk2, cdk4, PCNA cyclin A, and cyclin B, and the increased expression of p27kip1. Furthermore, expression of an epithelial marker, E-cadherin, was increased by NaPA treatment. These results suggest that one of the molecular targets of NaPA treatment was the reduction of c-Raf-1 protein, and that its reduction results in the decrease of malignant characteristics of tumor cells through blockage of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway.
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PMID:Sodium phenylacetate inhibits the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway to induce reduction of the c-Raf-1 protein in human and canine breast cancer cells. 1895 52

There are multiple isoforms of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), which regulate diverse cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, maturation, and motility. However, the relationship between the structures and functions of RSK isoforms remains undetermined. Artemia is a useful model in which to study cell cycle arrest because these animals undergo prolonged diapauses, a state of obligate dormancy. A novel RSK isoform was identified in Artemia, which was termed Ar-Rsk2. This isoform was compared with an RSK isoform that we previously identified in Artemia, termed Ar-Rsk1. Ar-Rsk2 has an ERK-docking motif, whereas Ar-Rsk1 does not. Western blot analysis revealed that Ar-Rsk1 was activated by phosphorylation, which blocked meiosis in oocytes. Knockdown of Ar-Rsk1 reduced the level of phosphorylated cdc2 and thereby suppressed cytostatic factor activity. This indicates that Ar-Rsk1 regulates the cytostatic factor in meiosis. Expression of Ar-Rsk2 was down-regulated in Artemia cysts in which mitosis was arrested. Knockdown of Ar-Rsk2 resulted in decreased levels of cyclin D3 and phosphorylated histone H3, and the production of pseudo-diapause cysts. This indicates that Ar-Rsk2 regulates mitotic arrest. PLK and ERK RNAi showed that Ar-Rsk2, but not Ar-Rsk1, could be activated by PLK-ERK in Artemia. This is the first study to report that RSK isoforms with and without an ERK-docking motif regulate mitosis and meiosis, respectively. This study provides insight into the relationship between the structures and functions of RSK isoforms.
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PMID:Two p90 ribosomal S6 kinase isoforms are involved in the regulation of mitotic and meiotic arrest in Artemia. 2475 24