Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.11.22 (cdc2)
 8,319 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Maturation-promoting factor (MPF) activity has been demonstrated for the first time in fish oocytes. We purified MPF from a 100,000g supernatant of crushed, naturally spawned carp oocytes using four chromatography columns: Q-Sepharose Fast-Flow, p13suc1-affinity Sepharose, Mono S, and Superose 12. The final preparation was purified over 1000-fold with a recovery of about 1%. On Superose 12, MPF eluted as a single peak with an apparent molecular weight of 100 kDa. SDS-PAGE analysis of the active fractions after Superose 12 revealed the presence of four proteins of 33, 34, 46, and 48 kDa. A monoclonal antibody against the PSTAIR sequence of cdc2 kinase recognized the 33- and 34-kDa proteins for which the 46- and 48-kDa proteins are endogenous substrates. The 46- and 48-kDa proteins were recognized by a monoclonal antibody against Escherichia coli-produced goldfish cyclin B, but not by an anti-cyclin A antibody. When oocytes were matured in the presence of 32P, the labeling was seen with the 34-kDa protein, but not with the 33-kDa protein. The 34-kDa protein corresponded to the MPF activity, but the 33-kDa protein did not. These findings indicate that carp MPF is a complex of cdc2 kinase and cyclin B, and further that active MPF contains the phosphorylated form of cdc2 kinase.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of maturation-promoting factor in fish. 172 95

We have purified to near homogeneity the M-phase-specific protein kinase from starfish oocytes at first meiotic metaphase, using an improved procedure based on affinity chromatography on the immobilized yeast protein suc1. As already reported, this is identical to MPF, the cytoplasmic factor that controls entry of eukaryotic cells into M-phase. MPF is a complex formed by the stoichiometric association of a 34-kd polypeptide previously identified as cdc2 with a polypeptide that migrates with the same mobility as starfish cyclin in SDS-PAGE (apparent mol. wt 47 kd). A cDNA clone encoding starfish cyclin B has been isolated and its sequence determined. It contains a single open reading frame encoding a predicted 43 729-dalton protein. Partial microsequencing of the 47-kd polypeptide component of MPF allowed its identification as the starfish cyclin. Since the apparent mol. wt of native starfish MPF was found to be less than 100 kd, it is a heterodimer comprising one molecule of cdc2 and one molecule of cyclin B.
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PMID:MPF from starfish oocytes at first meiotic metaphase is a heterodimer containing one molecule of cdc2 and one molecule of cyclin B. 253 Oct 73

We have cloned a mouse wee1 kinase cDNA (mwee1). The clone is 2258 bp in length and its open reading frame corresponds to 646 amino acid residues. The molecular weight of this kinase is 87 kDa in SDS-PAGE, which is about 1.7-fold larger than the human p50wee1 kinase reported previously. In a cell cycle, the mouse wee1 kinase is phosphorylated at M-phase, and an in vitro study using a mitotic extract revealed that phosphorylation occurs in the N-terminal domain, which is absent from the human wee1 kinase, resulting in inactivation of the kinase activity. The N-terminal domain or entire molecule is extensively phosphorylated by cdc2-cyclin B kinase. Furthermore, the activity of the wee1 kinase was reduced by phosphorylation with the mitotic extract which contained cdc2-cyclin B kinase.
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PMID:Mouse p87wee1 kinase is regulated by M-phase specific phosphorylation. 755 44

Transformation of cells in culture by polyomavirus is mediated by one of its early gene products, middle-sized tumor antigen (MTAg). This protein forms multiple complexes with cellular enzymes such as tyrosine kinases (pp60c-src), a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and phosphatase 2A. Association with MTAg leads to the activation of pp60c-src through interference with phosphorylation at Tyr-527, a site negatively regulating src kinase activity. MTAg abrogates mitosis-specific activation of pp60c-src, resulting in constitutive high kinase activity of the enzyme throughout all phases of the cell cycle. Here we report that MTAg is transiently modified during mitosis, resulting in an increase in its apparent molecular size on SDS/acrylamide gels. Similarly, MTAg isolated from interphase cells and phosphorylated by the cell cycle-regulated serine/threonine kinase p34cdc2 in vitro has increased molecular mass. The large molecular mass form of the protein can be converted to the authentic 56-kDa form upon dephosphorylation by potato acid phosphatase. Two putative phosphorylation sites for a cdc2-like kinase were identified as Thr-160 and -291, respectively. Conversion of Thr-160 to Ala resulted in a transformation-defective mutant protein that was still capable of associating with pp60c-src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and phosphatase 2A, while the corresponding mutant in position 291 was wild type with respect to all parameters measured so far. These data suggest that phosphorylation by p34cdc2 or a related cell cycle-regulated kinase modulates the interaction of MTAg with cellular targets that are crucial for cell transformation.
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PMID:Mitosis-specific phosphorylation of polyomavirus middle-sized tumor antigen and its role during cell transformation. 769 Jan 42

The E2F transcription factor family participates in growth control presumably through transcriptional activation of genes that promote entry into S phase. E2F activity is believed to be controlled across the cell cycle by association with various cellular proteins, including the product of the retinoblastoma gene (pRB). We find that E2F-1 proteins are heterogeneously phosphorylated in insect cells, as a result of which they migrate as a doublet on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. This electrophoretic shift is shown to be dependent upon specific phosphorylation of E2F-1 on serine-375 (S375), near the pRB-binding site. Phosphorylation on S375 also occurs in human cells. E2F-1 was most efficiently phosphorylated on this residue by cyclin A/cdk2 kinase, and to a lesser extent by cyclin A/cdk2, irrespective of the presence of the pRB-related p107 protein. Phosphorylation of E2F-1 on S375 greatly enhanced its affinity of pRB in vitro. These results suggest a novel way of regulating E2F-1 activity, namely by cell-cycle-dependent phosphorylation of this transcription factor.
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PMID:Phosphorylation of a specific cdk site in E2F-1 affects its electrophoretic mobility and promotes pRB-binding in vitro. 782 78

Oocyte maturation is triggered by the activation in the oocyte cytoplasm of maturation-promoting factor (MPF), which consists of cdc2 (a catalytic subunit) and cyclin B (a regulatory subunit). Immature goldfish oocytes contain only inactive monomeric 35-kDa cdc2 and do not stockpile cyclin B. In maturing oocytes, activation of cdc2 is associated with its Thr161 phosphorylation and mobility shift on SDS-PAGE from 35 to 34 kDa after binding to cyclin B. Using mutant cdc2, we show that Thr161 phosphorylation is required for both the downward shift and the kinase activation. Since cdc2 Tyr15 is not phosphorylated after binding to cyclin B, it does not require dephosphorylation. This situation is obviously different from that in immature Xenopus oocytes, in which the cdc2-cyclin B complex preexists with cdc2 phosphorylated on both Tyr15 and Thr161, thereby requiring Tyr15 dephosphorylation catalyzed by cdc25 phosphatase for MPF activation. These results indicate that these species employ different mechanisms of MPF activation during oocyte maturation, although the final molecular structure of the active MPF (cdc2 bound to cyclin B and phosphorylated on Thr161) is identical.
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PMID:Molecular mechanisms of the activation of maturation-promoting factor during goldfish oocyte maturation. 788 79

G2 arrest induced by nitrogen mustard in human lymphoma CA46 cells is associated with a failure to activate hyperphosphorylated cdc2/cyclin B1 complexes. We investigated the possibility that this might be due to a suppression of cdc25C phosphatase activity. cdc25C from interphase cells migrated as a 54- to 57-kDa doublet in SDS gels and exhibited basal phosphatase activity. cdc25C from mitotic cells migrated as a 66-kDa hyperphosphorylated species and exhibited elevated phosphatase activity. cdc25C hyperphosphorylation and activation were mediated by cdc2, supporting the view of a cdc2-cdc25C autocatalytic feedback loop. Immunofluorescence and cell fractionation studies suggested cdc2-cdc25C interaction occurred within the cytoplasm. Cells arrested in G2 phase following nitrogen mustard treatment or cells arrested in S phase with aphidicolin failed to dephosphorylate and activate cdc2, and this correlated with failure to convert cdc25C into the most active hyperphosphorylated species. Our findings suggest that checkpoints guarding against mitotic entry in the presence of unreplicated or damaged DNA suppress formation of the cdc2-cdc25C autocatalytic feedback loop that normally brings about rapid activation of cdc2.
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PMID:Role of the cdc25C phosphatase in G2 arrest induced by nitrogen mustard. 793 93

Microtubule-associated protein tau from Alzheimer brain has been shown to be phosphorylated at several ser/thr-pro and ser/thr-X sites (Hasegawa, M. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267, 17047-17054, 1992). Several proline-dependent protein kinases (PDPKs) (MAP kinase, cdc2 kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3, tubulin-activated protein kinase, and 40 kDa neurofilament kinase) are implicated in the phosphorylation of the ser-thr-pro sites. The identity of the kinase(s) that phosphorylate the ser/thr-X sites are unknown. To identify the latter kinase(s) we have compared the phosphorylation of bovine tau by several brain protein kinases. Stoichiometric phosphorylation of tau was achieved by casein kinase-1, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, Gr kinase, protein kinase C and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but not with casein kinase-2 or phosphorylase kinase. Casein kinase-1 and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II were the best tau kinases, with greater than 4 mol and 3 mol 32P incorporated, respectively, into each mol of tau. With the sequential addition of these two kinases, 32P incorporation approached 6 mol. Peptide mapping revealed that the different kinases largely phosphorylate different sites on tau. After phosphorylation by casein kinase-1, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, Gr kinase, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and casein kinase-2, the mobility of tau isoforms as detected by SDS-PAGE was decreased. Protein kinase C phosphorylation did not produce such a mobility shift. Our results suggest that one or more of the kinases studied here may participate in the hyperphosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Comparison of the phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau by non-proline dependent protein kinases. 803 84

Tau protein kinase II purified from a bovine brain tau protein fraction (Ishiguro, K., Takamatsu, M., Tomizawa, K., Omori, A., Takahashi, M., Arioka, M., Uchida, T., and Imahori, K. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10897-10901) was shown to have a similar substrate specificity to cdc2 kinase in that both phosphorylate neurofilament (NF) proteins. Tau protein kinase II recognized the dephosphorylated form of the heavy subunit of NF (NF-H) as a predominant substrate. The substrate was phosphorylated to the same extent with tau protein kinase II as with cdc2 kinase. Upon phosphorylation, the electrophoretic mobility of the NF-H on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis changed to the position of the phosphorylated form. A synthetic peptide containing a KSPXK sequence was by far a better substrate for tau protein kinase II than that containing a KSPXX sequence, as was also observed with cdc2 kinase. NF-H lost its microtubule-associating ability upon phosphorylation with tau protein kinase II as well as with cdc2 kinase. Although anti-PSTAIR antibody (PSTAIR is an amino acid sequence commonly found in cdc2 and several cdc2-related kinases) failed to react with tau protein kinase II, tau protein kinase II bound to p13suc1-Sepharose beads (p13suc1 is a yeast protein known to bind to cdc2 kinase).
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PMID:Tau protein kinase II has a similar characteristic to cdc2 kinase for phosphorylating neurofilament proteins. 832 81

A protein kinase that phosphorylates a specific KSP sequence [K(S/T)PXK], which is abundant in high molecular weight neurofilament (NF) proteins, was identified and isolated from rat spinal cord. Characterization of this enzyme activity revealed a close relationship with p34cdc2 kinase with respect to its molecular mass (32.5 kDa by SDS/PAGE) and substrate specificities. It could phosphorylate a synthetic peptide analog of the simian virus 40 large tumor antigen, reportedly a specific substrate for p34cdc2 kinase. Histone (H1) and peptide analogs of the KSP sequence present in the C-terminal end of rat and mouse neurofilament proteins were phosphorylated. This kinase did not phosphorylate alpha-casein and peptide substrates of other known second messenger-dependent or -independent kinases. Dephosphorylated rat NF protein NF-H was strongly phosphorylated by the purified enzyme; NF proteins NF-M and native NF-H, but not NF-L, were slightly phosphorylated. Studies on synthetic peptide analogs of KSP repeats with substitution of specific residues, known to be present in the C-terminal regions of NF-H, revealed a consensus sequence of X(S/T)PXK, characteristic of the p34cdc2 kinase substrate. On Western blots, the enzyme was immunoreactive with antibody against the C-terminal end of cdc2 kinase (mouse) and neuronal cdc2-like kinase from rat but not with an antibody against the conserved PSTAIRE region of the p34cdc2 kinase. The antibody against the C-terminal end of cdc2 kinase could immunoprecipitate (immunodeplete) the purified kinase activity. Since the adult nervous system is composed primarily of postmitotic cells, the present observations indicate a nonmitotic role for this cdc2-like kinase activity. The effective phosphorylation of NF-H by this kinase suggests a function in axonal structure.
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PMID:cdc2-like kinase from rat spinal cord specifically phosphorylates KSPXK motifs in neurofilament proteins: isolation and characterization. 834 7


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