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Query: EC:2.7.11.22 (cdc2)
 8,319 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Splenic B cells activated by surface Ig (sIg) cross-linking transiently express the c-fos gene within 0.5 h and then enter into S phase of the cell cycle within 48 h. To investigate a role of c-fos in cell cycle progression, we used splenic B cells from IFN-alphabeta-inducible c-fos transgenic mice (Mx-c-fos). In the absence of IFN, the cell cycle progression of Mx-c-fos B cells stimulated with anti-IgM Ab was similar to that in control B cells. The cell cycle was arrested in G1 phase when we added IFN to the culture within 12 h after anti-IgM Ab stimulation, suggesting that overexpression of c-fos until mid-G1 phase perturbs activation of the cell cycle regulatory machinery. In control B cells, cyclin E and cdk2 were induced within 24 to 48 h after stimulation, and this induction was accompanied by down-regulation of a cdk2 inhibitor p27Kip1. As a consequence of these activation processes, cdk2 kinase activity was induced in B cells in the late G1 phase. However, kinase activity was not detected in Mx-c-fos B cells, presumably because the down-regulation of p27 was perturbed. These data suggest that c-Fos can negatively control cell cycle regulatory machinery in sIg-stimulated B cells.
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PMID:Overexpression of c-fos inhibits down-regulation of a cyclin-dependent kinase-2 inhibitor p27Kip1 in splenic B cells activated by surface Ig cross-linking. 903 48

The effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) were studied in closely related human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC), both finite-life-span 184 cells and immortal derivatives, 184A1S, and 184A1L5R, which differ in their cell cycle responses to TGF-beta but express type I and type II TGF-beta receptors and retain TGF-beta induction of extracellular matrix. The arrest-resistant phenotype was not due to loss of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors. TGF-beta was shown to regulate p15INK4B expression at at least two levels: mRNA accumulation and protein stability. In TGF-beta-arrested HMEC, there was not only an increase in p15 mRNA but also a major increase in p5INK4B protein stability. As cdk4- and cdk6-associated p15INK4B increased during TGF-beta arrest of sensitive cells, there was a loss of cyclin D1, p21Cip1, and p27Kip1 from these kinase complexes, and cyclin E-cdk2-associated p27Kip1 increased. In HMEC, p15INK4B complexes did not contain detectable cyclin. p15INK4B from both sensitive and resistant cells could displace in vitro cyclin D1, p21Cip1, and p27Kip1 from cdk4 isolated from sensitive cells. Cyclin D1 could not be displaced from cdk4 in the resistant 184A1L5R cell lysates. Thus, in TGF-beta arrest, p15INK4B may displace already associated cyclin D1 from cdks and prevent new cyclin D1-cdk complexes from forming. Furthermore, p27Kip1 binding shifts from cdk4 to cyclin E-cdk2 during TGF-beta-mediated arrest. The importance of posttranslational regulation of p15INK4B by TGF-beta is underlined by the observation that in TGF-beta-resistant 184A1L5R, although the p15 transcript increased, p15INK4B protein was not stabilized and did not accumulate, and cyclin D1-cdk association and kinase activation were not inhibited.
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PMID:Transforming growth factor beta stabilizes p15INK4B protein, increases p15INK4B-cdk4 complexes, and inhibits cyclin D1-cdk4 association in human mammary epithelial cells. 911 14

Interferon gamma (IFNgamma) induces growth arrest in normal human mammary epithelial cells by establishing a block during mid-G1 corresponding to the time when the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) would normally be inactivated by hyperphosphorylation. IFNgamma inhibits the kinase activities of cdk2, cdk4 and cdk6 within 24 h of treatment. Protein levels of the cdks and G1 cyclins do not change within this time period, although cdk4 levels are significantly reduced by 48 h. IFNgamma treatment induces p27Kip1 protein levels, presumably by a post-transcriptional mechanism as no change was observed in the mRNA levels. In addition, IFNgamma-induced inhibition of cdk2 and cyclin E-associated kinase activities is accompanied by a 4.5-fold or greater increase of p27Kip1 in cdk2 complexes. p27 may also have a role in the inhibition of cdk4/6 kinase activities, as p27 protein associated with these complexes was increase by 55-70% after IFNgamma. In mammary carcinoma cell lines which are resistant to growth inhibition by IFNgamma, p27 levels are not induced by IFNgamma nor is cdk2 kinase activity inhibited, despite high baseline levels of p27 in cdk2 complexes. However, exogenous expression of p27 in these cells induces growth arrest. In addition, purified p27 protein added to cdk2 complexes immunoprecipitated from carcinoma cells is able to inhibit the kinase activity in a dose dependent manner. Our results suggest that p27Kip1 has a role in mediating IFNgamma-induced terminal growth arrest. Resistance of mammary carcinomas to growth inhibition by IFNgamma does not appear to involve resistance of cdk2 complexes to the action of p27, but rather an inability to appropriately regulate the balance of cdk2, cyclin E and p27 levels.
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PMID:The role of p27Kip1 in gamma interferon-mediated growth arrest of mammary epithelial cells and related defects in mammary carcinoma cells. 916 Aug 91

In order to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms by which the universal cyclin kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 regulates cell cycle progression in human breast cancer cells, a recombinant adenovirus expressing human p27 was constructed (Adp27). Upon infection of human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 with Adp27, a high level of p27 expression was observed, and this resulted in a marked decrease in the proportion of cells in S-phase. In multiple cell lines, comparison of the cytotoxicity of Adp27 with another adenovirus vector expressing the related universal cyclin kinase inhibitor WAF1/Cip1 (AdWAF1), showed Adp27 to be markedly more (up to 56-fold) toxic than AdWAF1. DNA histograms showed Adp27 to cause a G1/S arrest at lower viral doses than AdWAF1. Analysis of cyclin dependent kinase activity following Adp27 infections showed decreased Cdk2 and cyclin B1-Cdc2 activity at lower viral doses when compared with AdWAF1. Adp27 is therefore potentially useful for studies of growth regulation and for gene therapy when growth inhibition is desired.
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PMID:A recombinant adenovirus expressing p27Kip1 induces cell cycle arrest and loss of cyclin-Cdk activity in human breast cancer cells. 917 4

Polyclonal activation of murine G0 T cells with immobilized anti-CD3 induces entry into the cell cycle as well as the subsequent cytokine-dependent proliferative response. G0 T cells express high levels of p27Kip1 protein and specific mRNA, which decline rapidly following activation. The decline in the expression of p27Kip1 and sequestering of the inhibitory protein by cdk4 and cdk6 correlated with the increase in cdk2 kinase activity during the G1 phase. Anti-CD3 activation of G0 T cells in the presence of cyclosporin A or rapamycin inhibited the down-regulation of p27Kip1, the cellular levels of the inhibitor remained high, and the cells remained in the G1 phase. PBu2 activation of G0 T cells also did not result in the down-regulation of p27Kip1 and the cells remained in G1. In each instance IL-2 restored the down-regulation of p27Kip1, resulting in a significant reduction in the level of the inhibitor, and stimulated the cells to progress through the cell cycle. Jurkat cells transfected with the p27GL-988 plasmid containing +1 to -988 nt of the p27Kip1 promoter region and subsequently exposed to rIL-2 resulted in a significant reduction in the activity of the p27Kip1 promoter. These findings suggest that in addition to providing the signals required for activated T cells to traverse G1/S, IL-2 also influences the promoter function of p27Kip1, which effectively induces transcriptional down-regulation of the gene.
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PMID:The regulation of p27Kip1 expression following the polyclonal activation of murine G0 T cells. 919 Sep 12

CDK inhibitors are thought to prevent cell proliferation by negatively regulating cyclin-CDK complexes. We propose that the opposite is also true, that cyclin-CDK complexes in mammmalian cells can promote cell cycle progression by directly down-regulating CDK inhibitors. We show that expression of cyclin E-CDK2 in murine fibroblasts causes phosphorylation of the CDK inhibitor p27Kip1 on T187, and that cyclin E-CDK2 can directly phosphorylate p27 T187 in vitro. We further show that cyclin E-CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of p27 results in elimination of p27 from the cell, allowing cells to transit from G1 to S phase. Moreover, mutation of T187 in p27 to alanine creates a p27 protein that causes a G1 block resistant to cyclin E and whose level of expression is not modulated by cyclin E. A kinetic analysis of the interaction between p27 and cyclin E-CDK2 explains how p27 can be regulated by the same enzyme it targets for inhibition. We show that p27 interacts with cyclin E-CDK2 in at least two distinct ways: one resulting in p27 phosphorylation and release, the other in tight binding and cyclin E-CDK2 inhibition. The binding of ATP to the CDK governs which state predominates. At low ATP (< 50 microM) p27 is primarily a CDK inhibitor, but at ATP concentrations approaching physiological levels (> 1 mM) p27 is more likely to be a substrate. Thus, we have identified p27 as a biologically relevant cyclin E-CDK2 substrate, demonstrated the physiological consequences of p27 phosphorylation, and developed a kinetic model to explain how p27 can be both an inhibitor and a substrate of cyclin E-CDK2.
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PMID:Cyclin E-CDK2 is a regulator of p27Kip1. 919 73

In the present study we have characterized eight human esophageal squamous carcinoma cell lines for levels of expression of cyclins D1, E, A and B1; CDKs 1, 2 and 4; the CDK inhibitors p16INK4, p21WAF1 and p27KIP1; the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein; and in vitro CDK2- and CDK4-associated kinase activity; and also compared the growth properties of these cell lines. The level of the cyclin D1 protein varied by over 30-fold amongst the eight cell lines. The high level in two cell lines was associated with amplification of this gene, but in three cell lines it was due to post-transcriptional events. Amongst the eight cell lines there was a significant correlation between the levels of cyclin D1, Rb and p27KIP1 proteins, and CDK4-associated kinase activity. Furthermore, when an exogenous cyclin D1 cDNA was over-expressed in the EC109 cell line by transfection, this led to increased expression of both Rb and p27KIP1. There was, however, no correlation between the level of cyclin D1 expression and the cell doubling times, duration of the G1 phase, or colony-forming efficiency in agar. Two of the cell lines displayed a high level of the cyclin E protein, low levels of cyclin D1, lacked expression of the Rb protein and expressed high levels of the p16INK4 protein. One of these cell lines displayed amplification of the latter gene. There was no correlation between the levels of cyclins E or A and in vitro CDK2 kinase activity, but CDK2 kinase activity was inversely correlated with the duration of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Taken together, these studies indicate marked heterogeneity in the expression of cell cycle-related proteins amongst a series of esophageal carcinoma cell lines. The correlation between the levels of the cyclin D1, Rb and p27Kip1 proteins suggest the existence of a homeostatic feedback loop between positive and negative acting components of the cell cycle machinery.
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PMID:Increased expression of the P27KIP1 protein in human esophageal cancer cell lines that over-express cyclin D1. 921 95

IL-4 is a pleiotrophic cytokine that has been shown to affect cells of the central nervous system. We have demonstrated that IL-4 inhibits DNA synthesis and proliferation in human astroglia expressing IL-4 receptors. In this study, we sought to identify mechanisms that could account for the antimitogenic effects of IL-4. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated human astroglia were arrested in G1 phase by IL-4, even though IL-4 stimulated levels of the G1 cyclins, D1 and E. Histone H1 kinase activity of cdk2 immunoprecipitates, however, was sharply reduced by IL-4; impairment of kinase activity was also evident in cyclin E immunoprecipitates, which contained evidence of hypophosphorylated (inactive) cdk2 product. Reduced cyclin E-associated cdk2 activity was not due to impaired cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase (CAK) activity, which was unaffected by IL-4. Inactive cyclin E/cdk2 complexes from IL-4 + EGF-treated cells contained, however, strikingly elevated p27Kip1 cdk inhibitor. Elevated p27 was also detectable in whole cell lysates after 24 and 48 h of IL-4 treatment; by 72 h, p27 was no longer elevated. Pretreatment with antisense but not mismatch p27 oligonucleotides attenuated the inhibitory effects of IL-4 on DNA synthesis and histone kinase activity of cyclin E/cdk2 complexes. Antisense p27 also abrogated IL-4-mediated elevation of p27 in whole cell lysates and cyclin E/cdk2 complexes. These findings demonstrate that IL-4 regulates the cell cycle machinery of astroglial cells via a p27Kip1 braking mechanism.
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PMID:The CDK inhibitor, p27Kip1, is required for IL-4 regulation of astrocyte proliferation. 921 99

Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitors play significant roles in the cell cycle control of various biological phenomena. To characterize the role of Cdk inhibitors in rat cells, we isolated a cDNA encoding rat p27Kip1, a 27-kDa Cdk inhibitor. The 1.04-kb cDNA of rat p27 contained an open reading frame of 197 amino acids that shared high homology with mammalian p27 and significant homology with mammalian p21Cip1 and p57Kip2. p27 mRNA was detected in most rat tissues and cell lines. The levels of p27 protein expression were similar in rat cell lines transformed by E1A and in normal cells. Rat p27 was able to interact with Cdk 2/4 and cyclin A/D in rat cells, but the amounts of rat p27 in Cdk2 complexes were different between transformed cells and normal cells. Thus, the formation of stable complexes of rat p27 may be modulated by E1A. Rat p27 protein could inhibit the increased Cdk2-associated kinase activity in transformed rat cells.
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PMID:Cloning and characterization of rat p27Kip1, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. 921 22

While most untransformed cells require substrate attachment for growth (anchorage dependence), the oncogenic transformed cells lack this requirement (anchorage independence) and are often tumorigenic. However, the mechanism of loss of anchorage dependence is not fully understood. When rat normal fibroblasts were cultured in suspension without substrate attachment, the cell cycle arrested in G1 phase and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 protein and its mRNA accumulated. Conditional expression of oncogenic Ras induced the G1-S transition of the cell cycle and significantly shortened the half-life of p27Kip1 protein without altering its mRNA level. Inhibition of the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase by cyclic AMP-elevating agents and a MEK inhibitor prevented the oncogenic Ras-induced degradation of p27Kip1. These results suggest that the loss of substrate attachment induces the cell cycle arrest through the up-regulation of p27Kip1 mRNA, but the oncogenic Ras confers anchorage independence by accelerating p27Kip1 degradation through the activation of the MAP kinase signaling pathway. Furthermore, we have found that p27Kip1 is phosphorylated by MAP kinase in vitro and the phosphorylated p27Kip1 cannot bind to and inhibit cdk2.
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PMID:Induction of p27Kip1 degradation and anchorage independence by Ras through the MAP kinase signaling pathway. 926 3


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