Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.11.2 (PDK1)
 2,238 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signals are transduced through FGF receptors (FGFRs) and FRS2/FRS3- SHP2 (PTPN11)-GRB2 docking protein complex to SOS-RAS-RAF-MAPKK-MAPK signaling cascade and GAB1/GAB2-PI3K-PDK-AKT/aPKC signaling cascade. The RAS approximately MAPK signaling cascade is implicated in cell growth and differentiation, the PI3K approximately AKT signaling cascade in cell survival and cell fate determination, and the PI3K approximately aPKC signaling cascade in cell polarity control. FGF18, FGF20 and SPRY4 are potent targets of the canonical WNT signaling pathway in the gastrointestinal tract. SPRY4 is the FGF signaling inhibitor functioning as negative feedback apparatus for the WNT/FGF-dependent epithelial proliferation. Recombinant FGF7 and FGF20 proteins are applicable for treatment of chemotherapy/radiation-induced mucosal injury, while recombinant FGF2 protein and FGF4 expression vector are applicable for therapeutic angiogenesis. Helicobacter pylori, a causative pathogen for peptic ulcer diseases, chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer, injects bacterial proteins into gastric epithelial cells by using Type IV secretion system, which leads to FGF signaling activation through FGF2 upregulation as well as CagA-dependent SHP2 activation. FGFR2 gene is preferentially amplified and overexpressed in diffuse-type gastric cancer. PD173074 is a small-molecule inhibitor for FGFR, while RO4396686 and SU6668 are small-molecule inhibitors for FGFR and other tyrosine kinases. Cocktail therapy using multiple protein kinase inhibitors could enhance the therapeutic effects for gastrointestinal cancer through the reduction of recurrence associated with somatic mutations of drug-target genes. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and copy number polymorphism (CNP) of genes encoding FGF signaling molecules will be identified as novel risk factors of gastrointestinal cancer. Personalized prevention and personalized medicine based on the combination of genetic screening and novel therapeutic agents could dramatically improve the prognosis of cancer patients.
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PMID:FGF signaling network in the gastrointestinal tract (review). 1677 96

Mammalian tooth development is regulated by paracrine signal molecules of several conserved family interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme. The expression patterns and regulative roles of FGF signaling have been extensively studied in the mouse odontogenesis; however, that is not well known in human tooth development. In order to unveil the molecular mechanisms that regulate human tooth morphogenesis, we examined the expression patterns of the critical molecules involved in FGF signaling pathway in the developing human tooth germ by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and real-time RT-PCR, including FGF ligands, receptors, and intracellular transducer. We found overlapping but distinct expression pattern of FGF ligands and receptors in the different stages and components. Expression of FGF4, FGF7, FGF8, and FGF9 persists widespread in human tooth mesenchyme, which is quite different to that of in mouse. FGFR1 may be the major receptor in regulate mechanisms of FGF signals in human tooth development. Real-time RT-PCR indeed confirmed the results of in situ hybridization. Results of K-Ras, p-ERK1/2, p-p38, p-JNK, and p-PDK1 expression reveal spatial and temporal patterns of FGF signaling during morphogenesis and organogenesis of human tooth germ. Activity of the FGF signaling transducer protein in human tooth germ was much higher than that of in mouse. Our results provided important FGF singling information in the developing process, pinpoint to the domains where the downstream target genes of FGF signaling can be sought, and enlightened our knowledge about the nature of FGF signaling in human tooth germ.
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PMID:Expression profile of critical genes involved in FGF signaling pathway in the developing human primary dentition. 2626 41