Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.11.2 (PDK1)
 2,238 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The protein kinase C (PKC)-related enzyme PKC(mu)/PKD (protein kinase D) is activated by activation loop phosphorylation through PKC(eta). Here we demonstrate that PKC(mu) is activated by the direct phosphorylation of PKC(epsilon). PKC(mu) colocalizes with PKC(epsilon) in HEK293 and MCF7 cells as shown by confocal immunofluorescence analyses. PDK1, known as the upstream kinase for several PKC isozymes, associates intracellularly with PKC(epsilon) and PKC(eta). PKC(eta) is phosphorylated by PDK1 in vitro, leading to kinase activation as similarly reported for PKC(epsilon) activation by PDK1. Coexpression of PDK1, PKC(epsilon) and PKC(mu) in HEK293 cells results in PKC(mu) activation. In contrast, the coexpression of PDK1 and PKC(eta) with PKC(mu) does not activate PKC(eta) or consequently PKC(mu). PDK1/PKC(epsilon)-triggered activation of PKC(mu) inhibits JNK, a downstream effector of PKC(mu), whereas upon transient expression of PDK1, PKC(eta), and PKC(mu), JNK is not affected. These data implicate PKC(epsilon) as the biologically important upstream kinase for PKC(mu) in HEK293 cells, regulating downstream effectors. Our results further indicate a PDK1/PKC(eta)/PKC(mu) controlled negative regulation of PKC(eta) kinase activity. In this study, we show that differentially activated kinase cascades involving PDK1 and novel PKC isotypes are responsible for the regulation of PKC(mu) activity and consequently inhibit the JNK pathway.
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PMID:Protein kinase C(mu) regulation of the JNK pathway is triggered via phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 and protein kinase C(epsilon). 1222 77

Phakopsora pachyrhizi is a devastating pathogen on soybean, endangering soybean production worldwide. Use of Host Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS) and the study of effector proteins could provide novel strategies for pathogen control. For both approaches quantification of transcript abundance by RT-qPCR is essential. Suitable stable reference genes for normalization are indispensable to obtain accurate RT-qPCR results. According to the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines and using algorithms geNorm and NormFinder we tested candidate reference genes from P. pachyrhizi and Glycine max for their suitability in normalization of transcript levels throughout the infection process. For P. pachyrhizi we recommend a combination of CytB and PDK or GAPDH for in planta experiments. Gene expression during in vitro stages and over the whole infection process was found to be highly unstable. Here, RPS14 and UbcE2 are ranked best by geNorm and NormFinder. Alternatively CytB that has the smallest Cq range (Cq: quantification cycle) could be used. We recommend specification of gene expression relative to the germ tube stage rather than to the resting urediospore stage. For studies omitting the resting spore and the appressorium stages a combination of Elf3 and RPS9, or PKD and GAPDH should be used. For normalization of soybean genes during rust infection Ukn2 and cons7 are recommended.
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PMID:Reference Genes in the Pathosystem Phakopsora pachyrhizi/ Soybean Suitable for Normalization in Transcript Profiling. 2640 65