Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.11.2 (PDK1)
 2,238 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A male child presented on the first day of life with metabolic acidosis with elevated blood lactate (15 mM), pyruvate (0.4 mM), and free fatty acid (1.3 mM) levels and a blood pH of 7.16. The severity of the acidosis was diminished by intravenous administration of glucose in large doses and by bicarbonate. On two occasions, when the acidosis was particularly severe, peritoneal dialysis using an acetate buffer was required. Restriction of the dietary intake of saturated fatty acids or treatment with nicotinic acid also appeared to diminish the severity of acidosis. No improvement was achieved by the administration of thiamine or biotin. Tissues taken at postmortem showed normal activity of gluconeogenic enzymes and pyruvate dehydrogenase. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in tissue homogenates preincubated with ATP was reduced by 60-75% both in liver of the patient and of the controls because of the inactivation of the enzyme by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Addition of Ca++ and Mg++ to the inactivated enzyme caused a prompt return of the activity to normal in controls but not in the patient. This defect, which was apparent in muscle and liver but not in brain, we attribute to a markedly reduced activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase in the patient.
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PMID:Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase deficiency: a cause of congenital chronic lactic acidosis in infancy. 17 50

The mechanism by which fatty acid addition leads to the inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in intact rat liver mitochondria was investigated. In all cases the fatty acid octanoate was added to mitochondria oxidizing succinate. Addition of fatty acid caused an inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in mitochondria incubated under State 3 conditions (glucose plus hexokinase), in uncoupled, oligomycin-treated mitochondria, and in rotenone-menadione-treated mitochondria, but not in uncoupled mitochondria or in mitochondria incubated under State 4 conditions. A number of metabolic conditions were found in which pyruvate dehydrogenase was inactivated concomitant with an elevation in the ATP/ADP ratio. This is consistent with the inverse relationship between the ATP/ADP ratio and the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity proposed by various laboratories. However, in several other metabolic conditions pyruvate dehydrogenase was inactivated while the ATP/ADP ratio either was unchanged or even decreased. This observation implies that there are likely other regulatory factors involved in the fatty acid-mediated inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Incubation conditions in State 3 were found in which the ATP/ADP and the acetyl-CoA/CoASH ratios remained constant and the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was correlated inversely with the NADH/NAD+ ratio. Other State 3 conditions were found in which the ATP/ADP and the NADH/NAD+ ratios remained constant while the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was correlated inversely with the acetyl-CoA/CoASH ratio. Further evidence supporting these experiments with intact mitochondria was the observation that the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity of a mitochondrial extract was stimulated strongly by acetyl-CoA and was inhibited by NAD+ and CoASH. In contrast to acetyl-CoA, octanoyl-CoA inhibited the kinase activity. These results indicate that the inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by fatty acid in isolated rat liver mitochondria may be mediated through effects of the NADH/NAD+ ratio and the acetyl-CoA/CoASH ratio on the interconversion of the active and inactive forms of the enzyme complex catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.
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PMID:Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by fatty acid in isolated rat liver mitochondria. 17 49

1. The ;initial activity' of the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex in whole tissue or mitochondrial extracts of lactating rat mammary glands was greatly decreased by 24 or 48h starvation of the rats. Injection of insulin and glucose into starved rats 60min before removal of the glands abolished this difference in ;initial activities'. 2. The ;total activity' of the enzyme complex in such extracts was revealed by incubation in the presence of free Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) ions (more than 10 and 0.1mm respectively) and a crude preparation of pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. Starvation did not alter this ;total activity'. It is assumed that the decline in ;initial activity' of the enzyme complex derived from the glands of starved animals was due to increased phosphorylation of its alpha-subunit by intrinsic pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. 3. Starvation led to an increase in intrinsic pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity in both whole tissue and mitochondrial extracts. Injection of insulin into starved animals 30min before removal of the lactating mammary glands abolished the increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity in whole-tissue extracts. 4. Pyruvate (1mm) prevented ATP-induced inactivation of the enzyme complex in mitochondrial extracts from glands of fed animals. In similar extracts from starved animals pyruvate was ineffective. 5. Starvation led to a decline in activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase in mitochondrial extracts, but not in whole-tissue extracts. 6. These changes in activity of the intrinsic kinase and phosphatase of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of lactating rat mammary gland are not explicable by current theories of regulation of the complex.
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PMID:The mode of regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase of lactating rat mammary gland. Effects of starvation and insulin. 21 55

The effect of thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) and thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) on the activity of rat liver pyruvate dehydrogenase complex regulatory enzymes (kinase and phosphatase) was studied in experiments with isolated enzyme preparations. It is shown that ThDP caused a pronounced activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (Ka is equal to 65.0 nM). ThTP inhibits phosphatase competitively against the substrate--the phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The both thiamine phosphates inhibit the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity almost similarly in concentrations exceeding 10 microM. The physiological significance of the antagonistic action of ThDP and ThTP on the pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase activity is discussed.
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PMID:[Effect of thiamine phosphates on the activity of regulatory enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex]. 282 86

The specificities of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase were probed using synthetic peptides corresponding to the sequence around phosphorylation sites 1 and 2 on pyruvate dehydrogenase [Tyr-His-Gly-His-Ser(P1)-Met-Ser-Asp-Pro-Gly-Val-Ser(P2)-Tyr-Arg]. The dephosphotetradecapeptide containing aspartic acid at position 8 was a better substrate for the kinase than was the tetradecapeptide containing asparagine at position 8. The apparent Km and V values for the two peptides were 0.43 and 6.1 mM and 2.7 and 2.4 nmol of 32P incorporated/min/mg, respectively. Methylation of the aspartic acid residue also increased the apparent Km of the tetradecapeptide about 14-fold. These results indicate that an acidic residue on the carboxyl-terminal side of phosphorylation site 1 is an important specificity determinant for the kinase. Phosphate was incorporated only into site 1 of the synthetic peptide by the kinase. The phosphatase exhibited an apparent Km of 0.28 mM and a V of 2.3 mumol of 32P released/min/mg for the phosphorylated tetradecapeptide containing aspartic acid. Methylation of the aspartic acid residue had no significant effect on dephosphorylation. The octapeptide and phosphooctapeptide produced by cleavage of the aspartyl-prolyl bond by formic acid were poorer substrates for the kinase and phosphatase than were the tetradecapeptide and phosphotetradecapeptide, respectively. Modification of the amino terminal by acetylation or lysine addition had only a slight effect on the kinase and phosphatase activities.
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PMID:Synthetic peptide substrates for mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. 300 77

Rat epididymal-adipose-tissue mitochondria were made selectively permeable to small molecules without the loss of matrix enzymes by treating the mitochondria with toluene under controlled conditions. With this preparation the entire pyruvate dehydrogenase system was shown to be retained within the mitochondrial matrix and to retain its normal catalytic activity. By using dilute suspensions of these permeabilized mitochondria maintained in the cuvette of a spectrophotometer, it was possible to monitor changes of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity continuously while the activities of the interconverting kinase and phosphatase could be independently manipulated. Permeabilized mitochondria were prepared from control and insulin-treated adipose tissue, and the properties of both the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and the phosphatase were compared in situ. No difference in kinase activity was detected, but increases in phosphatase activity were observed in permeabilized mitochondria from insulin-treated tissue. Further studies showed that the main effect of insulin treatment was a decrease in the apparent Ka of the phosphatase for Mg2+, in agreement with earlier studies with mitochondria made permeable to Mg2+ by using the ionophore A23187 [Thomas, Diggle & Denton (1986) Biochem. J. 238, 83-91]. No effects of spermine were detected, although spermine diminishes the Ka of purified phosphatase preparations for Mg2+. Since effects of insulin on pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase activity are not evident in mitochondrial extracts, it is concluded that insulin may act by altering some high-Mr component which interacts with the pyruvate dehydrogenase system within intact or permeabilized mitochondria, but not when the mitochondrial membranes are disrupted.
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PMID:Use of toluene-permeabilized mitochondria to study the regulation of adipose tissue pyruvate dehydrogenase in situ. Further evidence that insulin acts through stimulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphate phosphatase. 302 48

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was purified to homogeneity from bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). No pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity was detected at any stage of the purification. However, the purified pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was phosphorylated and inactivated with purified pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase from bovine kidney. The protein-bound radioactivity was localized in the pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha subunit. The phosphorylated, inactive pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was dephosphorylated and reactivated with purified pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase from bovine heart. Tryptic digestion of the 32P-labeled complex yielded a single phosphopeptide, which was purified to homogeneity. The sequence of the phosphopeptide was established to be Tyr-Gly-Gly-His-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Asp-Pro-Gly-Thr-Thr-Tyr-Arg. This sequence is very similar to the sequence of a tryptic phosphotetradecapeptide derived from the alpha subunit of bovine kidney and heart pyruvate dehydrogenase: Tyr-His-Gly-His-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Asp-Pro-Gly-Val-Ser-Tyr-Arg.
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PMID:Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase from bakers' yeast. 353 83

This paper reports the discovery that the activity of the multienzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from beef kidney mitochondria is regulated by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reaction sequence. The site of this regulation is the pyruvate dehydrogenase component of the complex. Phosphorylation and concomitant inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase are catalyzed by an ATP-specific kinase (i.e., a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase), and dephosphorylation and concomitant reactivation are catalyzed by a phosphatase (i.e., a pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase). The kinase and the phosphatase appear to be regulatory subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
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PMID:Alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes. X. Regulation of the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from beef kidney mitochondria by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. 430 45

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activity in human skin fibroblasts appears to be regulated by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism, as is the case with other animal cells. The enzyme can be activated by pretreating the cells with dichloroacetate (DCA), an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, before they are disrupted for measurement of PDC activity. With such treatment, the activity reaches 5-6 nmol/min per mg of protein at 37 degrees C with fibroblasts from infants. Such values represent an activation of about 5-20-fold over those observed with untreated cells. That this assay, based on [1-(14)C]pyruvate decarboxylation, represents a valid measurement of the overall PDC reaction is shown by the dependence of (14)CO(2) production on the presence of thiamin-PP, coenzyme A (CoA), Mg(++), and NAD(+). Also, it has been shown that acetyl-CoA and (14)CO(2) are formed in a 1:1 ratio. A similar degree of activation of PDC can also be achieved by adding purified pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase and high concentrations of Mg(++) and Ca(++), or in some cases by adding the metal ions alone to the cell homogenate after disruption. These results strongly suggest that activation is due to dephosphorylation. Addition of NaF, which inhibits dephosphorylation, leads to almost complete loss of PDC activity. Assays of completely activated PDC were performed on two cell lines originating from patients reported to be deficient in this enzyme (Blass, J. P., J. Avigan, and B. W. Ublendorf. 1970. J. Clin. Invest. 49: 423-432; Blass, J. P., J. D. Schuman, D. S. Young, and E. Ham. 1972. J. Clin. Invest. 51: 1545-1551). Even after activation with DCA, fibroblasts from the patients showed values of only 0.1 and 0.3 nmol/min per mg of protein. A familial study of one of these patients showed that both parents exhibited activity in fully activated cells about half that of normal values, whereas cells from a sibling appeared normal. These results demonstrate the inheritance nature of PDC deficiency, and that the present assay is sufficient to detect the heterozygous carriers of the deficiency. Application of the same procedures to fibroblasts obtained from 16 individuals who were believed to have normal PDC activities showed a range from about 2-2.5 nmol/min per mg protein for adults to 5-6 nmol/min per mg protein for cells from infants.
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PMID:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in normal and deficient fibroblasts. 626 77

A method is described to measure directly in rat brain the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHa kinase; EC 2.7.1.99), which catalyzes the inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC, EC 1.2.4.1, EC 2.3.1.12, and EC 1.6.4.3). The activity showed the expected dependence on added ATP and divalent cation, and the expected inhibition by dichloroacetate, pyruvate, and thiamin pyrophosphate. These results, and the properties of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.43), indicate that the mechanisms of control of phosphorylation of PDHC seem qualitatively similar in brain to those in other tissues. Regionally, PDHa kinase is more active in cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and less active in hypothalamus, pons and medulla, and olfactory bulbs. Indeed, the PDHa kinase activity in olfactory bulbs is uniquely low, and is more sensitive to inhibition by pyruvate and dichloroacetate than that in the cerebral cortex. Thus, there are significant quantitative differences in the enzymatic apparatus for controlling PDHC activity in different parts of the brain.
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PMID:Properties and regional distribution of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase in rat brain. 631 89


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