Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.11.2 (PDK1)
 2,238 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer frequently leached out from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products and is quickly metabolized to its monoester equivalent mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) once enters organisms. Exposure to DEHP/MEHP through food chain intake has been shown to modified metabolism but its effect on the development of metabolic myopathy of skeletal muscle (SKM) has not been revealed so far. Here, we found that MEHP repressed myogenic terminal differentiation of proliferating myoblasts (PMB) and confluent myoblasts (CMB) but had weak effect on this process once it had been initiated. The transition of mitochondria (MITO) morphology from high efficient filamentary network to low efficient vesicles was triggered by MEHP, implying its negative effects on MITO functions. The impaired MITO functions was further demonstrated by reduced MITO DNA (mtDNA) level and SDH enzyme activity as well as highly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells after MEHP treatment. The expression of metabolic genes, including PDK4, CPT1b, UCP2, and HO1, was highly increased by MEHP and the promoters of PDK4 and CPT1b were also activated by MEHP. Additionally, the stability of some subunits in the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) complexes was found to be reduced by MEHP, implying defective oxidative metabolism in MITO and which was confirmed by repressed palmitic acid oxidation in MEHP-treated cells. Besides, MEHP also blocked insulin-induced glucose uptake. Taken together, our results suggest that MEHP is inhibitory to myogenesis and is harmful to MITO functions in SKM, so its exposure should be avoided or limited.
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PMID:MEHP interferes with mitochondrial functions and homeostasis in skeletal muscle cells. 3225 76

Uromyces appendiculatus is a major pathogen on common bean. Like other rust fungi, it uses effectors to influence its host plant. Effectors are assumed to possess characteristic expression profiles, reflecting their activity during the infection process. In order to determine expression profiles using RT-qPCR, stably expressed reference genes are necessary for normalization. These reference genes need to be tested. Using samples representing seven different developmental stages of the urediospore-based infection process we employed RT-qPCR to measure the expression of 14 candidate reference genes and determined the most suitable ones based on the range of Cq values and comparative calculations using the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. Among the tested genes RPS14 had the smallest Cq range, followed by Elf1a and Elf3; geNorm rated Tub and UbcE2 best with CytB as a third and NormFinder found UbcE2, Tub and Elf3 as best reference genes. Combining these findings using equal weight for the rankings UbcE2, Elf3 and Tub can be considered the best reference genes. A combination of either two reference genes, UbcE2 and Tub or three reference genes, UbcE2, Tub, and Elf3 is recommended for normalization. However, differences between most genes were relatively small, so all tested genes can be considered suitable for normalization with the exception of RPS9, SDH, Ubc and PDK.
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PMID:Testing reference genes for transcript profiling in Uromyces appendiculatus during urediospore infection of common bean. 3276 Jan 34