Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C)
 49,245 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The mechanism of cryoinjury was investigated in human internal mammary arteries (IMA) by monitoring contractile responses to ET-1 and KCl. For cryopreservation segments of IMA were equilibrated for 20 min with the cryomedium (RPMI 1640 culture medium containing 1.8 M DMSO and 0.1 M sucrose), frozen at a mean cooling rate of 1.3 degrees C min(-1) to -70 degrees C and stored in liquid nitrogen. Before use, samples were thawed slowly and the cryomedium removed by dilution. Compared to unfrozen controls, ET-1 stimulated frozen/thawed IMA with similar efficacy but at 3 fold lower concentrations (P<0.001). Addition of ET-1 (100 nM) induced maximal contraction of unfrozen IMA within 10 min, declining thereafter to 25% after 90 min. In frozen/thawed IMA the ET-1-induced contraction was sustained but could be reversed if protein kinase C was blocked by staurosporine (100 nM). Responses to ET-1 of cryostored IMA were 5 fold more susceptible to blockade by nifedipine than those of controls. After cryostorage the efficacy of KCl was diminished to 40% (P<0.05) and the KCl curve was shifted to the left (2 fold, P<0. 001). In both unfrozen and cryostored IMA the KCl (60 mM) effect was sustained and equally susceptible to nifedipine. It is suggested that the smooth muscle cell of IMA is receptive to physical forces which occur during cryopreservation. These forces modify transmembrane signal transduction and intracellular pathways, that are common to pharmacological agonists thereby changing vascular responses to several contractile agonists after thawing.
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PMID:The mechanism of cryoinjury: In vitro studies on human internal mammary arteries. 1082 92

S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) undergoes spontaneous degradation that generates several nitrogen-containing compounds and oxidized glutathione derivatives. We identified glutathione sulfonic acid, glutathione disulfide S-oxide (GS(O)SG), glutathione disulfide S-dioxide, and GSSG as the major decomposition products of GSNO. Each of these compounds and GSNO were tested for their efficacies to modify rat brain neurogranin/RC3 (Ng) and neuromodulin/GAP-43 (Nm). Among them, GS(O)SG was found to be the most potent in causing glutathiolation of both proteins; four glutathiones were incorporated into the four Cys residues of Ng, and two were incorporated into the two Cys residues of Nm. Ng and Nm are two in vivo substrates of protein kinase C; their phosphorylations by protein kinase C attenuate the binding affinities of both proteins for calmodulin. When compared with their respective unmodified forms, the glutathiolated Ng was a poorer substrate and glutathiolated Nm a better substrate for protein kinase C. Glutathiolation of these two proteins caused no change in their binding affinities for calmodulin. Treatment of [(35)S]cysteine-labeled rat brain slices with xanthine/xanthine oxidase or a combination of xanthine/xanthine oxidase with sodium nitroprusside resulted in an increase in cellular level of GS(O)SG. These treatments, as well as those by other oxidants, all resulted in an increase in thiolation of proteins; among them, thiolation of Ng was positively identified by immunoprecipitation. These results show that GS(O)SG is one of the most potent glutathiolating agents generated upon oxidative stress.
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PMID:Glutathiolation of proteins by glutathione disulfide S-oxide derived from S-nitrosoglutathione. Modifications of rat brain neurogranin/RC3 and neuromodulin/GAP-43. 1106 Mar 8

Nitric oxide (NO), a reactive nitrogen species, plays an important role in inflammatory lung damage. In the present study, we investigated the role of NO in DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB in macrophages stimulated with silica or other inflammatory stimulants. Treatment of mouse macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) with a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), L-N6-(1-iminoethyl) lysine (L-NIL), or a nonselective iNOS inhibitor, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME), resulted in inhibition of silica-induced nitric oxide production as well as silica-induced NF-kappaB activation. L-NIL also effectively inhibited NF-kappaB activation induced by other inflammatory stimulants, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or muramyl dipeptide (MDP). These inhibitory effects of L-NIL and L-NAME on silica- or LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation were also observed in primary rat alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, NO generating compounds, such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), caused a dose-dependent increase in NF-kappaB activation, which was positively correlated with the level of NO production. Specific inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase, such as genistein and AG494, prevented NF-kappaB activation in SNP- or SIN-1 treated cells, suggesting involvement of tyrosine kinase in the NO signaling pathway leading to NF-kappaB activation. In contrast, inhibitors of protein kinase C or A, such as staurosporine or H89, had no inhibitory effect on SIN-1 induced NF-kappaB activation. Metalloporphyrins, such as tetrakis (N-methyl-4'-pyridyl) porphyrinato iron (III) (Fe-TMPyP) and Zn-TMPyP which are known to alter NO-dependent activity, markedly inhibited silica- and LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation. The results suggest that NF-kappaB activation in macrophages can be induced under certain conditions by nitric oxide and that nitric oxide produced by phagocytes exposed to inflammatory agents may up-regulate the activation of NF-kappaB.
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PMID:Nitric oxide up-regulates DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB in macrophages stimulated with silica and inflammatory stimulants. 1120 43

The fMLP receptor of peritoneal macrophages stimulated by fMLP grafted liposomes as ligand, was analysed and compared with respective controls for its ability to promote killing of intracellular Leishmania parasites. fMLP grafted liposomes show greater efficacy in killing intracellular L. donovani (MHOM/IN/1983/AG83) parasites in a time dependent manner than free fMLP. fMLP grafted liposomes also release more active oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates (O2-, H2O2, NO) than free fMLP. The key enzymes PKC and PTK for the respiratory burst and nitric oxide generation were found to be important in this fMLP receptor mediated signaling process as the enzyme specific inhibitors viz. staurosporine, genistein and AG126 suppressed the leishmanicidal effect of fMLP grafted liposomes. The above findings suggest that the fMLP receptor of macrophages activates PKC and PTK mediated signalling that is responsible for the intracellular parasite killing.
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PMID:fMLP receptor stimulated activation of macrophage: its effect on killing of intracellular Leishmania donovani. 1133 97

Protein kinase C (PKC) is an important intracellular signaling molecule whose activity is essential for a number of aspects of neuronal function including synaptic plasticity. We investigated the regulation of PKC activity by reactive nitrogen species in order to examine whether such species regulate PKC in neurons. Neither autonomous nor cofactor-dependent PKC activity was altered when either hippocampal homogenates or rat brain purified PKC were incubated briefly with three different nitric oxide donor compounds. However, brief incubation of either hippocampal homogenates or purified PKC with peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) inhibited cofactor-dependent PKC activity in a manner that correlated with the nitration of tyrosine residues on PKC, suggesting that this modification was responsible for the inhibition of PKC. Consistent with this idea, reducing agents had no effect on the inhibition of PKC activity caused by ONOO(-). Because there are numerous PKC isoforms that differ in the composition of the regulatory domain, we studied the effect of ONOO(-) on various PKC isoforms. ONOO(-) inhibited the cofactor-dependent activity of the alpha, betaII, epsilon, and zeta isoforms, indicating that inhibition of enzymatic activity by ONOO(-) was not PKC isoform-specific. We also were able to isolate nitrated PKCalpha and PKCbetaII from ONOO(-)-treated hippocampal homogenates via immunoprecipitation. Collectively, our findings support the hypothesis that ONOO(-) inhibits PKC activity via tyrosine nitration in neurons.
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PMID:Peroxynitrite-induced tyrosine nitration and inhibition of protein kinase C. 1152 63

The research of mechanisms of a regulation electrical and contractile of properties of unstriated muscles of an internals remains by an actual problem of modern physiology and medicine. Already now it is possible to state that the efficacy of means of correction of distresses of an internals depends on a degree of a level of scrutiny of these mechanisms. Among physiologically active substances effecting on smooth muscle cells (SM), the special relaxing factor synthesized by endotheliocytes, epithelial cells and SM. Identified by the majority of the explorers as oxide of nitrogen (NO), relaxing factor responds for exhibiting of many myogenic responses of pots and pneumatic routes. The mechanisms of synthesis and implementation of effects of this factor in SM cells up to the extremity are not clarified. The considerable advance in learning mechanisms of operation relaxing factor on SM is connected to discovering of ability of some nitro compounds to replicate NO-dependent relaxing effects in these cells. The main systems of intracellular regulation are involved in mechanisms of implementation endothelial and epithelial local regulatory effects on SM. The majority of the explorers bind an epithelium-dependent release phenomenon SM to an activation of a solvable fraction guanilatcyclase, found in the majority of cells, and effects of cGMP-dependent protein kinases. There are reports on ability of inhibitors NO-sintase to depress a release phenomenon SM of pots and bronchuses, about dependence of a mechanical strain SM of pots and respiratory tract from a contents cGMP in cells. However there are datas giving establishments to guess, that alongside with guanilatciclase in a release phenomenon SM, induced relaxing factors or nitro compounds, the immediate involvement is accepted by cAMP-dependent protein kinases. The most probable point of interaction cAMP and cGMP-dependent processes is phospodiesterase of cyclic nucleotides. It citosolium the enzyme labilized by calmodulin, is capable to carry out a hydrolysis of both cyclic nucleotides, and the affinity native phospodiesterase to cGMP exceeds affinity to cAMP more, than on the order. It is impossible to eliminate immediate interference of NO-dependent processes in a regulation of activity contractile proteins. The ability cGMP-dependent processes to depressing mechanisms of phosphorylation and intensifying of a dephosphorylization of contraktion proteins SM is shown. At these processes can variate and affinity of the acto-miosin complex to ions of calcium, producing a release phenomenon of smooth muscles. On all visibility, production relaxing of the factor and the implementation is epithelial and endothelium-SM of mutual relation in a respiratory tract and pots comes true by modulating influence at the calcium signal system of other systems. For example, production relaxing of the factor by an epithelium and endothelium, being calcium-dependent process, is regulated at involvement calmodulin-similar Ca(2+)-connecting proteins and protein kinase C. Control of tone SM through change of membrane potential relaxing factor carries out by paravariation of potassium conduction of a membrane SM, and, is more probable than all through calcium-dependent and ATP-sensitive components. Potencial-dependent control of a muscle tone comes true through change of efficacy of an operation from a branch of the calcium signal system and calcium pompes at submaximal concentrations of free calcium in citosolium.
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PMID:[Intracellular signal systems in the epithelium- and endothelium-dependent relaxation of smooth muscles]. 1154 93

1. To study the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the increase in manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) gene expression following transient hypoxia in glial cells, we examined the mRNA levels of Mn-SOD using northern blot analysis. 2. The Mn-SOD mRNA levels were markedly increased after exposure to nitrogen gas for 5 min. 3. Pretreatment with chelerythrine or GF109203x, inhibitors of PKC, attenuated the increase in Mn-SOD mRNA following hypoxia in a concentration-dependent manner. 4. Incubation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, the PKC activator, enhanced the increase in Mn-SOD gene expression in response to transient hypoxia. 5. The results suggest that hypoxia increases Mn-SOD gene expression in cultured glial cells mainly through activation of a PKC pathway.
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PMID:Protein kinase C and changes in manganese superoxide dismutase gene expression in cultured glial cells. 1155 22

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) is an important mediator of monocyte/macrophage recruitment and activation at the sites of chronic inflammation and neoplasia. In the current study, the role of nitrogen monoxide (NO) in the activation of murine peritoneal macrophages to the tumoricidal state in response to in vitro MCP-1 treatment and the regulatory mechanisms involved therein were investigated. Murine peritoneal macrophages upon activation with MCP-1 showed a dose- and time-dependent production of NO together with increased tumoricidal activity against P815 mastocytoma cells. N-monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA), a specific inhibitor of the l-arginine pathway, inhibited the MCP-1-induced NO secretion and generation of macrophage-mediated tumoricidal activity against P815 (NO-sensitive, TNF-resistant) cells but not the L929 (TNF-sensitive, NO-resistant) cells. These results indicated l-arginine-dependent production of NO to be one of the effector mechanisms contributing to the tumoricidal activity of MCP-1-treated macrophages. Supporting this fact, expression of iNOS mRNA was also detected in the murine peritoneal macrophages upon treatment with MCP-1. Investigating the signal transduction pathway responsible for the NO production by the MCP-1-activated murine peritoneal macrophages, it was observed that the pharmacological inhibitors wortmannin, H-7 (1-(5-isoquinoline sulfonyl)-2-methyl piperazine dihydrochloride), and PD98059 blocked the MCP-1-induced NO production, suggesting the probable involvement of phosphoinositol-3-kinase, protein kinase C, and p42/44 MAPkinases in the above process. Various modulators of calcium and calmodulin (CaM) such as EGTA, nifedipine, TMB-8 (3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid-8-(diethylamino)octyl ester), A23187, and W-7 (N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-napthalenesulfonamide) were also found to modulate the in vitro macrophage NO release in response to MCP-1. This observation indicated the regulatory role of calcium/CaM in the process of MCP-1-induced macrophage NO production. Similarly, the role of serine/threonine and protein tyrosine phosphatases in the above pathway was suggested using the specific inhibitors of these phosphatases, okadaic acid and sodium orthovanadate.
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PMID:Regulation of nitric oxide production by murine peritoneal macrophages treated in vitro with chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. 1173 Mar 64

The addition of ammonium ions to Aspergillus niger cells originally growing on another nitrogen source resulted in rapid medium acidification. The addition of glucose or other fermentable sugars to the mycelium growing on glycerol did not have the same effect. The enzyme responsible for acidification seems to be plasma membrane H+-ATPase, which is most probably triggered by phosphorylation. Using specific activators and inhibitors, we tried to figure out which signalling pathway is involved in the process. No activation of H+-ATPase could be detected in the presence of diacylglycerol and other activators of protein kinase C, indicating that the stimulus is transmitted by another signalling chain. In the presence of inhibitors known to suppress the phosphatidyl-inositol signalling pathway, such as neomycin, compound 48/80 and calmidazolium, no increased H+-ATPase activity could be detected after the addition of ammonium ions. However, some tested inhibitors of the cAMP signalling pathway could not prevent activation of the enzyme by the stimulant. These results support the model in which ammonium-induced activation of proton extrusion in A. niger is mediated via the phosphatidyl-inositol signalling pathway, involving Ca2+/calmoduline-dependent protein kinase but not protein kinase C.
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PMID:Activation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase by ammonium ions in Aspergillus niger. 1175 87

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) stimulates nicotine-induced catecholamine secretion. PKC down-regulation by prolonged pretreatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate diminished nicotine-induced catecholamine secretion only slightly (approximately 16%), suggesting substantial PKC independence of nicotinic receptor activation. However, we found that bisindolylmaleimide compounds (which are also putative PKC chemical inhibitors) dramatically inhibited nicotine-induced catecholamine secretion (IC(50) values of approximately 24-37 nM). This inhibition was specific for the nicotinic cholinergic receptor. Catecholamine secretion induced by other nicotinic agonists (such as epibatidine, anatoxin, or cytisine) was also powerfully antagonized by bisindolylmaleimide II (IC(50) values of approximately 60-90 nM). Even high-dose nicotinic agonists failed to overcome the inhibition by bisindolylmaleimide II, suggesting noncompetitive nicotinic antagonism by this class of compounds. Nicotinic inhibition by bisindolylmaleimide seemed not to be readily reversible. Structure-activity studies of bisindolylmaleimide compounds revealed that bisindolylmaleimides I through III are the most potent nicotinic antagonists at the nicotinic cholinergic receptor in PC-12 cells (IC(50) < or =37 nM), whereas bisindolylmaleimide IV and V have far less nicotinic antagonist activity (IC(50) >1 microM); the active compounds I through III have cationic tails at an indole nitrogen, whereas the least potent compounds IV and V do not. By contrast, a free NH within the maleimide ring is crucial for PKC inhibition by this class of compounds. We conclude that bisindolylmaleimides I through III are some of the most potent noncompetitive neuronal nicotinic antagonists, indeed the most potent such antagonists we have observed in PC-12 cells. Nicotinic antagonism of these compounds seems to be independent of PKC inhibition.
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PMID:Chromaffin cell catecholamine secretion: bisindolylmaleimide compounds exhibit novel and potent antagonist effects at the nicotinic cholinergic receptor in pheochromocytoma cells. 1202 95


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