Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.11.11 (AMPK)
 12,425 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A full length cDNA clone encoding the C alpha type catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was isolated from a cDNA library of differentiated rat myoblast L6 cell line. The 2137 bp clone codes for a protein of 351 amino acid residues having more than 90% sequence identity to C alpha subunits of other mammalians. The C alpha isoform was found to be the only isoform of catalytic subunits expressed in myoblast cells as was determined in Northern blot analysis.
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PMID:Rat C alpha catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase: cDNA sequence and evidence that it is the only isoform expressed in myoblasts. 171 74

Mouse L929 cells were used to study the mechanism of cAMP induction of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity. Following treatment with 200 microM 8-chlorophenylthio-cAMP (CPT-cAMP), alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity was observed to increase 80-fold after 24 h. The CPT-cAMP dose response of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity correlated well with the CPT-cAMP activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in L cells. A cDNA clone for the alkaline phosphatase was isolated and used to demonstrate a 10-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase mRNA levels after a 24-h treatment of L cells with CPT-cAMP. Increased mRNA levels were first detected 4-6 h, after CPT-cAMP treatment, and the level of alkaline phosphatase mRNA decreased rapidly after removal of CPT-cAMP. In vitro nuclear transcription studies showed that a 3-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase gene transcription was detectable 6 h after CPT treatment, and this increase was blocked by cycloheximide. In order to determine if the catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was able to mediate the induction of AP, L cells were transfected with expression vectors containing the metallothionein promoter and coding for the C alpha isoform of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase or for a catalytic subunit in which lysine 72 had been mutated to methionine (C alpha K72M). Zinc treatment of stably transfected cells expressing the wild-type C subunit showed an increase in protein kinase activity and an increase in AP activity. Zinc treatment of cells containing the mutant C subunit expression vector produced an increase in the amount of a protein which was recognized by C subunit antibodies on Western blots, but these cells showed no increase in protein kinase activity or in AP activity. We conclude that the C subunit is sufficient for transcriptional induction of the AP gene and that the phosphotransferase activity of the C subunit is required for this induction.
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PMID:Induction of alkaline phosphatase in mouse L cells by overexpression of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. 216 96

A synthetic peptide of 18 amino acids corresponding to the inhibitory domain of the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor was synthesized and shown to inhibit both the C alpha and C beta isoforms of the catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Extracts from cells transfected with expression vectors coding for the C alpha or the C beta isoform of the C subunit required 200 nM protein kinase inhibitor peptide for half-maximal inhibition of kinase activity in extracts from these cells. An affinity column was constructed using this synthetic peptide, and the column was incubated with protein extracts from cells overexpressing C alpha or C beta. Elution of the affinity column with arginine allowed single step isolation of purified C alpha and C beta subunits. The C alpha and C beta proteins were enriched 200-400-fold from cellular extracts by this single step of affinity chromatography. No residual inhibitory peptide activity could be detected in the purified protein. The purified C subunit isoforms were used to demonstrate preferential antibody reactivity with the C alpha isoform by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, preliminary characterization showed both isoforms have similar apparent Km values for ATP (4 microM) and for Kemptide (5.6 microM). These results demonstrate that a combination of affinity chromatography employing peptides derived from the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor protein and the use of cells overexpressing C subunit related proteins may be an effective means for purification and characterization of the C subunit isoforms. Furthermore, this method of purification may be applicable to other kinases which are known to be specifically inhibited by small peptides.
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PMID:Affinity purification of the C alpha and C beta isoforms of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. 255 18

In mammalian spermatozoa, most of the type II alpha isoform of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKAII alpha) is anchored at the cytoplasmic surface of a specialized array of mitochondria in the flagellar cytoskeleton. This places the catalytic subunits of PKAII alpha in proximity with potential target substrates in the cytoskeleton. The mechanism by which PKAII alpha is anchored at the outer surface of germ cell mitochondria has not been elucidated. We now report the cloning of a cDNA that encodes a novel, germ cell A kinase anchor protein (AKAP) designated S-AKAP84. S-AKAP84 comprises 593 amino acids and contains a centrally located domain that avidly binds regulatory subunits (RII alpha and RII beta) of PKAII alpha and PKAII beta. The 3.2-kilobase S-AKAP84 mRNA and the cognate S-AKAP84 RII binding protein are expressed principally in the male germ cell lineage. Expression of S-AKAP84 is tightly regulated during development. The protein accumulates as spermatids undergo nuclear condensation and tail elongation. The timing of S-AKAP84 expression is correlated with the de novo accumulation of RII alpha and RII beta subunits and the migration of mitochondria from the cytoplasm (round spermatids) to the cytoskeleton (midpiece in elongating spermatids). Residues 1-30 at the NH2 terminus of S-AKAP84 constitute a putative signal/anchor sequence that may target the protein to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that S-AKAP84 is co-localized with mitochondria in the flagellum.
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PMID:Characterization of S-AKAP84, a novel developmentally regulated A kinase anchor protein of male germ cells. 749 50

Many neurotransmitters are known to regulate neuronal cell function by means of activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and phosphorylation of neuronal substrate proteins, including transcription factors and ion channels. Here, we have characterized the gene expression of two isoforms of a protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) specific for PKA in mouse brain by RNase protection and in situ hybridization histochemistry. The studies demonstrate that the PKI alpha isoform is abundant in many regions of the adult mouse brain but particularly in cerebellum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cortex. In contrast, PKI beta is present at much lower levels in most brain regions but is found in significant amounts in the cerebellum, as well as in distinct nuclei within the pons, medulla, and hypothalamus. These results are consistent with a regulatory role of endogenous PKI in PKA-mediated signal transduction in brain and suggest differential functions for the two isoforms of PKI within the central nervous system.
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PMID:Differential expression of mRNAs for protein kinase inhibitor isoforms in mouse brain. 787 50

Although the protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs) are known to be potent and specific inhibitors of the catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, little is known about their physiological roles. Glutamate 203 of the C alpha isoform (C alpha E203) has been implicated in the binding of the arginine 15 residue of the skeletal isoform of PKI (PKI alpha R15) (Knighton, D. R., Zheng, J., Ten Eyck, L. F., Xuong, N., Taylor, S.S., and Sowadski, J. M. (1991) Science 253, 414-420). To investigate the role of C alpha E203 in the binding of PKI and in vivo C-PKI interactions, in vitro mutagenesis was used to change the C alpha E203 codon of the murine C alpha cDNA to alanine and glutamine codons. Initially, the C alpha E203 mutant proteins were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. C alpha E203 is not essential for catalysis as all of the C subunit mutants were enzymatically active. The mutation of Glu203 did increase the apparent Km for Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly (Kemptide) severalfold but did not affect the apparent Km for ATP. The Vmax(app) was not affected by the mutation of C alpha E203. The mutation of C alpha E203 compromised the ability of PKI alpha (5-24), PKI alpha, and PKI beta to inhibit phosphotransferase activity. PKI alpha was altered using in vitro mutagenesis to probe the role of Arg15 in interacting with C alpha E203. The PKI alpha R15A mutant was reduced in its inhibition of C alpha. Preliminary studies of the expression of these C alpha mutants in COS cells gave similar results. These results suggest that the C alpha E203 mutants may be useful in assessing the role of PKI in vivo.
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PMID:Glutamic acid 203 of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit participates in the inhibition by two isoforms of the protein kinase inhibitor. 790 1

The protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs) are potent inhibitors of the catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In this study, the interaction between Phe10 of PKI and the C subunit residues Tyr235 and Phe239 was investigated using site-directed mutagenesis. Previous peptide studies as well as the crystal structure suggested that these residues may play a key role in C-PKI binding. The C subunit codons for Tyr235 and Phe239 were changed singly and in combination to serine codons. The mutated C alpha proteins were overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The purified C alpha Y235S, C alpha F239S, and C alpha Y235S/F239S proteins did not exhibit any differences in their Km(app) for the peptide substrate Kemptide (Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly) or Vmax(app), with respect to wild-type C alpha. All of the C subunit mutants displayed less than 2-fold changes in their Km(app) for ATP. The PKI alpha isoform displayed increased IC50 values for C alpha Y235S (71-fold), C alpha F239S (150-fold), and C alpha Y235S/F239S (1800-fold). Similarly, the PKI beta 1 protein showed increased IC50 values against the C alpha Y235S, C alpha F239S, and C alpha Y235S/F239S proteins, 9.4-, 11-, and 44-fold, respectively. In addition, the PKI alpha F10 codon was altered to an alanine codon, and this mutation decreased its ability to inhibit C alpha kinase activity, but did not affect its ability to inhibit C alpha Y235S/F239S. The mutation of Tyr235 and Phe239 to serines, however, did not alter the ability of the type II R subunit to inhibit phosphotransferase activity. These results suggest that C alpha Y235 and C alpha F239 are important for specific inhibition by both PKI alpha and PKI beta but not the type II R subunit and that mutations at these residues would be useful for in vivo analysis of C-PKI interactions.
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PMID:Evidence for the importance of hydrophobic residues in the interactions between the cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit and the protein kinase inhibitors. 802 74

Because of the low abundance of the two major isoforms (C alpha and C beta) of catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, it has been difficult to monitor their expression and virtually impossible to quantify their synthesis, phosphorylation, and turnover in intact mammalian cells. We now describe sensitive and quantitative immunochemical methods using a goat antibody raised against the recombinant C alpha isoform of murine C subunit that enable studies of the expression and metabolism of C subunit in cultured cells. The antibody reacts well with C alpha and C beta isoforms of murine C subunit and with C subunits from rat, hamster, and human cell lines, so it should have widespread utility. Immunoreactivity with bovine heart C subunit was substantially weaker. For quantitation of C subunit radioactivity in extracts of cells labeled metabolically with [35S]methionine, we developed a two-cycle immunoadsorption protocol that reduces nonspecific adsorption to negligible levels. A tritium-labeled, truncated C subunit marker protein is added to extracts as an internal marker to monitor C subunit recoveries in different samples. For analysis of expression of C subunit isoforms in different cells or tissues, we describe a nonradioactive Western immunoblot procedure that can quantitate C subunit in amounts as low as 12 pg. Using extraction conditions that either stabilize or destabilize the phosphate on Thr-197, we show how the relative expression and phosphorylation of C alpha and C beta isoforms can be estimated from SDS-gel patterns resulting from either immunoblot or immunoadsorption procedures.
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PMID:Methods for studying synthesis, turnover, and phosphorylation of catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in mammalian cells. 864 25

Phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) regulates a vast number of cellular functions. An important target for PKA in brain and heart is the class C L-type Ca(2+) channel (Ca(v)1.2). PKA phosphorylates serine 1928 in the central, pore-forming alpha(1C) subunit of this channel. Regulation of channel activity by PKA requires a proper balance between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. For fast and specific signaling, PKA is recruited to this channel by an protein kinase A anchor protein (Davare, M. A., Dong, F., Rubin, C. S., and Hell, J. W. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 30280-30287). A phosphatase may be associated with the channel to effectively balance serine 1928 phosphorylation by channel-bound PKA. Dephosphorylation of this site is mediated by a serine/threonine phosphatase that is inhibited by okadaic acid and microcystin. We show that immunoprecipitation of the channel complex from rat brain results in coprecipitation of PP2A. Stoichiometric analysis indicates that about 80% of the channel complexes contain PP2A. PP2A directly and stably binds to the C-terminal 557 amino acids of alpha(1C). This interaction does not depend on serine 1928 phosphorylation and is not altered by PP2A catalytic site inhibitors. These results indicate that the PP2A-alpha(1C) interaction constitutively recruits PP2A to the channel complex rather than being a transient substrate-catalytic site interaction. Functional assays with the immunoisolated class C channel complex showed that channel-associated PP2A effectively reverses serine 1928 phosphorylation by endogenous PKA. Our findings demonstrate that both PKA and PP2A are integral components of the class C L-type Ca(2+) channel that determine the phosphorylation level of serine 1928 and thereby channel activity.
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PMID:Protein phosphatase 2A is associated with class C L-type calcium channels (Cav1.2) and antagonizes channel phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. 1098 83

Mutations in the tumor suppressor genes TSC1 and TSC2, encoding hamartin and tuberin, respectively, cause the tumor syndrome tuberous sclerosis with similar phenotypes. Until now, over 50 proteins have been demonstrated to interact with hamartin and/or tuberin. Besides tuberin, the proteins DOCK7, ezrin/radixin/moesin, FIP200, IKKbeta, Melted, Merlin, NADE(p75NTR), NF-L, Plk1 and TBC7 have been found to interact with hamartin. Whereas Plk1 and TBC7 have been demonstrated not to bind to tuberin, for all the other hamartin-interacting proteins the question, whether they can also bind to tuberin, has not been studied. Tuberin interacts with 14-3-3 beta,epsilon,gamma,eta,sigma,tau,zeta, Akt, AMPK, CaM, CRB3/PATJ, cyclin A, cyclins D1, D2, D3, Dsh, ERalpha, Erk, FoxO1, HERC1, HPV16 E6, HSCP-70, HSP70-1, MK2, NEK1, p27KIP1, Pam, PC1, PP2Ac, Rabaptin-5, Rheb, RxRalpha/VDR and SMAD2/3. 14-3-3 beta,epsilon,gamma,eta,sigma,tau,zeta, Akt, Dsh, FoxO1, HERC1, p27KIP1 and PP2Ac are known not to bind to hamartin. For the other tuberin-interacting proteins this question remains elusive. The proteins axin, Cdk1, cyclin B1, GADD34, GSK3, mTOR and RSK1 have been found to co-immunoprecipitate with both, hamartin and tuberin. The kinases Cdk1 and IKKbeta phosphorylate hamartin, Erk, Akt, MK2, AMPK and RSK1 phosphorylate tuberin, and GSK3 phosphorylates both, hamartin and tuberin. This detailed summary of protein interactions allows new insights into their relevance for the wide variety of different functions of hamartin and tuberin.
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PMID:The tuberous sclerosis gene products hamartin and tuberin are multifunctional proteins with a wide spectrum of interacting partners. 1829 11


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