Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.11.11 (AMPK)
 12,425 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We reported previously that, in cultured goldfish xanthophores, dispersion of aggregated carotenoid droplets (CDs) requires the specific phosphorylation of the CD protein p57 by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase and the presence of cytosol. We report here that, in permeabilized cells, the addition of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and ATP phosphorylates p57 and converts the CDs from an immobile to a mobile state (first stage of CD dispersion). However, the CDs are restricted to the vicinity of the original site of the CD aggregate and do not actually disperse (second stage of CD dispersion) unless cytosol is also added. We propose that this process may be related to aspects of secretory processes.
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PMID:Protein phosphorylation and the two stages of pigment organelle dispersion in permeabilized xanthophores: organelle protein phosphorylation alone supports only the first stage. 254 66

We have previously shown that the dispersion and aggregation of carotenoid droplets in goldfish xanthophores are regulated, respectively, by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of a carotenoid droplet protein p57. There is a basal level of p57 phosphorylation of p57 in unstimulated cells, which is greatly stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) acting via cAMP-dependent protein kinase. We have also observed that, in permeabilized xanthophores, pigment dispersion can be induced when cAMP is replaced by fluoride. Since p57 has multiple phosphorylation sites, there is the question of whether all p57 phosphorylation is by cAMP-dependent protein kinase or whether phosphorylation by cAMP-independent protein kinase coupled with inhibition of phosphatase activity by fluoride can replace cAMP-dependent protein kinase and that the ability of fluoride to replace cAMP for pigment dispersion in permeabilized cells is probably due to activation of adenylcyclase. We also show that ACTH causes an approximately threefold increase in the level of cAMP in these cells.
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PMID:Phosphorylation of the carotenoid droplet protein p57 by the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase and the effect of fluoride. 255 10

In goldfish xanthophores, the formation of pigment aggregate requires: 1) that a pigment organelle (carotenoid droplet) protein p57 be in the unphosphorylated state; 2) that self-association of pigment organelles occur in a microtubule-independent manner; and 3) that pigment organelles via p57 associate with microtubules. In the fully aggregated state, the pigment organelles are completely stationary. Pigment dispersion is initiated by activation of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which phosphorylates p57 and allows pigment dispersion via an active process dependent on F-actin and a cytosolic factor. This factor is not an ATPase, and its function is unknown. However, its abundance in different tissues parallels secretory activity of the tissues, suggesting a similarity between secretion and pigment dispersion in xanthophores. The identity of the motor for pigment dispersion is unclear. Experimental results show that pigment organelles isolated from cells with dispersed pigment have associated actin and ATPase activity comparable to myosin ATPase. This ATPase is probably an organelle protein of relative molecular mass approximately 72,000, and unlikely to be an ion pump. Isolated pigment organelles without associated actin have 5x lower ATPase activity. Whether this organelle ATPase is the motor for pigment dispersion is under investigation. The process of pigment aggregation is poorly understood, with conflicting results for and against the involvement of intermediate filaments.
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PMID:Regulation of the distribution of carotenoid droplets in goldfish xanthophores and possible implication to secretory processes. 297 98

In intact goldfish xanthophores, the phosphorylation of a pigment organelle (carotenoid droplet) protein, p57, appears to play an important role in adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)- or cAMP-induced pigment organelle dispersion while the dephosphorylation of this protein upon withdrawal of ACTH or cAMP is implicated in pigment aggregation. In this paper, we report the cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of this protein in cell-free extracts of xanthophores as determined by the incorporation of 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP. As is the case in intact cells, p57 is the predominant protein phosphorylated in the presence of cAMP. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase which phosphorylates p57 is not bound to the isolated organelles but is found in the soluble portion of the cell extracts. Hence, the phosphorylation of p57 requires the carotenoid droplets bearing the substrate, soluble extract containing the kinase, cAMP (half-maximal activation at 0.5 microM), and Mg2+ (optimal at 5 mM or higher). The presence of protein phosphatase(s) in these extracts was shown indirectly by the stimulation of phosphorylation by fluoride. The phosphorylation of p57 does not appear to require a cell-specific kinase as soluble extracts of goldfish dermal nonpigment cells also phosphorylate p57 associated with isolated carotenoid droplets. Furthermore, using a constant amount of carotenoid droplets, a linear relationship was demonstrated between the rate of p57 phosphorylation and the amount of extract present in the assays. These results suggest that p57 is phosphorylated directly by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase and that the activity of this enzyme is important in regulating the intracellular movement of the pigment organelles of the xanthophore.
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PMID:Regulation of pigment organelle translocation. II. Participation of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. 300 26

A 57-kDa protein (p57) has been purified to homogeneity from a microsomal fraction of rat spleen. It is specifically and efficiently phosphorylated by the Src-like tyrosine kinase Lyn purified from the same source with a Km of 0.34 microM. The tyrosine kinases c-Fgr, Fyn, C-terminal Src kinase and p72syk, as well as the Ser/Thr-specific cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinases CK1 and CK2 do not phosphorylate p57. C-terminal Src kinase, which acts to down-regulate the Src-like protein-tyrosine kinases, almost completely prevents the protein phosphorylation catalysed by Lyn. Protein mass fingerprinting with tryptic fragments identified p57 as a protein related to protein disulfide-isomerase which belongs to the superfamily of Cys-Gly-His-Cys-containing sequences. Lyn phosphorylates tyrosine residues Y444, Y453 and Y466 which are located in a highly acidic region of the protein at the C-terminus. Upon phosphorylation, p57 forms a complex with Lyn which can be immunoprecipitated with anti-Lyn IgG. The association which occurs between the phosphorylated substrate and the SH2 domain of the kinase is consistent with the suggested 'processive phosphorylation' model, which implies that a primary phosphorylation site of the substrate binds to the SH2 domain of the enzyme and triggers the phosphorylation at secondary site(s).
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PMID:Isolation from spleen of a 57-kDa protein substrate of the tyrosine kinase Lyn. Identification as a protein related to protein disulfide-isomerase and localisation of the phosphorylation sites. 863 26

Prostacyclin receptor (IP-receptor) agonists display anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity in cell-based assays and in preclinical models of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this study, we have extended these observations by demonstrating that IP-receptor activation also can enhance the ability of glucocorticoids to induce genes with anti-inflammatory activity. BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells stably transfected with a glucocorticoid response element (GRE) luciferase reporter were activated in a concentration-dependent manner by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. An IP-receptor agonist, taprostene, increased cAMP in these cells and augmented luciferase expression at all concentrations of dexamethasone examined. Analysis of the concentration-response relationship that described this effect showed that taprostene increased the magnitude of transcription without affecting the potency of dexamethasone and was, thus, steroid-sparing in this simple system. RO3244794, an IP-receptor antagonist, and oligonucleotides that selectively silenced the IP-receptor gene, PTGIR, abolished these effects of taprostene. Infection of BEAS-2B GRE reporter cells with an adenovirus vector encoding a highly selective inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) also prevented taprostene from enhancing GRE-dependent transcription. In BEAS-2B cells and primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells, taprostene and dexamethasone interacted either additively or cooperatively in the expression of three glucocorticoid-inducible genes (GILZ, MKP-1, and p57(kip2)) that have anti-inflammatory potential. Collectively, these data show that IP-receptor agonists can augment the ability of glucocorticoids to induce anti-inflammatory genes in human airway epithelial cells by activating a cAMP/PKA-dependent mechanism. This observation may have clinical relevance in the treatment of airway inflammatory diseases that are either refractory or respond suboptimally to glucocorticoids.
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PMID:Selective prostacyclin receptor agonism augments glucocorticoid-induced gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. 1988 Apr 49

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a neutrophilic inflammatory disorder that is weakly responsive to glucocorticoids. Identification of ways to enhance the anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticoids is, therefore, a major research objective. Adenosine receptor agonists that target the A2B-receptor subtype are efficacious in several cell-based assays and preclinical models of inflammation. Accordingly, the present study was designed to determine if a selective A2B-receptor agonist, 2-[6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-[4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)phenyl]pyridin-2-ylsulphanyl]acetamide (Bay 60-6583), and a glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, in combination display putative anti-inflammatory activity that is superior to either drug alone. In BEAS-2B human airway epithelial cells stably transfected with cAMP-response element (CRE) and glucocorticoid response element (GRE) reporter constructs, Bay 60-6583 promoted CRE-dependent transcription and enhanced GRE-dependent transcription by an adenosine A2B-receptor-mediated mechanism that was associated with cAMP formation and abolished by an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Analysis of the concentration-response relationship that described the enhancement of GRE-dependent transcription showed that Bay 60-6583 increased the magnitude of response without affecting the potency of dexamethasone. Bay 60-6583 and dexamethasone also induced a panel of genes that, collectively, could have benefit in COPD. These were categorized into genes that were induced in a positive cooperative manner (RGS2, p57(kip2)), an additive manner (TTP, BRL-1), or by Bay 60-6583 (CD200, CRISPLD2, SOCS3) or dexamethasone (GILZ) only. Thus, the gene induction "fingerprints" produced by Bay 60-6583 and dexamethasone, alone and in combination, were distinct. Collectively, through their actions on gene expression, an adenosine A2B-receptor agonist and a glucocorticoid administered together may have utility in the treatment of inflammatory disorders that respond suboptimally to glucocorticoids as a monotherapy.
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PMID:Concurrent agonism of adenosine A2B and glucocorticoid receptors in human airway epithelial cells cooperatively induces genes with anti-inflammatory potential: a novel approach to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2382 Jan 27