Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.11.11 (AMPK)
 12,425 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated in adipocytes during exercise and other states in which lipolysis is stimulated. However, the mechanism(s) responsible for this effect and its physiological relevance are unclear. To examine these questions, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with cAMP-inducing agents (isoproterenol, forskolin, and isobutylmethylxanthine), which stimulate lipolysis and activate AMPK. When lipolysis was partially inhibited with the general lipase inhibitor orlistat, AMPK activation by these agents was also partially reduced, but the increases in cAMP levels and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity were unaffected. Likewise, small hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of adipose tissue triglyceride lipase inhibited both forskolin-stimulated lipolysis and AMPK activation but not that of PKA. Forskolin treatment increased the AMP:ATP ratio, and this too was reduced by orlistat. When acyl-CoA synthetase, which catalyzes the conversion of fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA, was inhibited with triacsin C, the increases in both AMPK activity and AMP:ATP ratio were blunted. Isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis was accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress, an effect that was quintupled in cells incubated with the AMPK inhibitor compound C. The isoproterenol-induced increase in the AMP:ATP ratio was also much greater in these cells. In conclusion, the results indicate that activation of AMPK in adipocytes by cAMP-inducing agents is a consequence of lipolysis and not of PKA activation. They suggest that AMPK activation in this setting is caused by an increase in the AMP:ATP ratio that appears to be due, at least in part, to the acylation of fatty acids. Finally, this AMPK activation appears to restrain the energy depletion and oxidative stress caused by lipolysis.
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PMID:AMP-activated protein kinase is activated as a consequence of lipolysis in the adipocyte: potential mechanism and physiological relevance. 1839 Sep 1

Dioxinodehydroeckol (DHE) isolated from Ecklonia cava, has previously been investigated for its inhibition of the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes. Levels of lipid accumulation were measured, along with changes in the expression of genes and proteins associated with adipogenesis and lipolysis. Confluent 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in medium with or without different concentrations of DHE for 7 days were differentiated into adipocytes. Lipid accumulation was quantified by measuring direct triglyceride contents and Oil-Red O staining. The expression of genes and proteins associated with adipogenesis and lipolysis was measured using RT-PCR, quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. It was found that the presence of DHE significantly reduced lipid accumulation and down-regulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPalpha) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, DHE suppressed regulation of the adipocyte-specific gene promoters such as fatty acid binding protein (FABP4), fatty acid transport protein (FATP1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACS1), leptin, perilipin and HSL compared to control adipocytes. The specific mechanism mediating the effects of DHE was confirmed by activation of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK). Therefore, these results suggest that DHE exerts anti-adipogenic effect on adipocyte differentiation through the activation and modulation of the AMPK signaling pathway.
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PMID:Anti-adipogenic effect of dioxinodehydroeckol via AMPK activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 2038 10

Obese sheep were used to assess the effects of palmitoleic (C16:1 cis-9) acid infusion on lipogenesis and circulating insulin levels. Infusion of 10 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day C16:1 intravenously in obese sheep reduced (P<0.01) weight gain by 77%. Serum palmitoleic levels increased (P<0.05) in a linear manner with increasing levels of C16:1 infusion. Cis-11 vaccenic (C18:1 cis-11) acid, a known elongation product of palmitoleic acid, was also elevated (P<0.05) in serum after 14 days and 21 days of infusion. Plasma insulin levels were lower (P<0.05) (10 mg/kg BW/day C16:1) than controls (0 mg/kg BW/day C16:1) at 14 days and 28 days of infusion. Infusion of C16:1 resulted in linear increases in tissue concentrations of palmitoleic, cis-11 vaccenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosapentaenoic acids in a dose-dependent manner. Total lipid content of the semitendinosus (ST) muscle and mesenteric adipose tissue was reduced (P<0.01) in both 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg BW C16:1 dose levels. Total lipid content and mean adipocyte size in the longissimus muscle was reduced (P<0.05) in the 10 mg/kg BW C16:1 dose level only, whereas total lipid content and adipocyte size of the subcutaneous adipose tissue was not altered. Total lipid content of the liver was also unchanged with C16:1 infusion. Palmitoleic acid infusion upregulated (P<0.05) acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid elongase-6 (ELOVL6), and Protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic subunit, transcript variant 1 (AMPK) mRNA expressions in liver, subcutaneous adipose, and ST muscle compared to the controls. However, mRNA expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b (CPT1B) differed between tissues. In the subcutaneous adipose and liver, C16:1 infusion upregulated (P<0.05) GLUT4 and CPT1B, whereas these genes were downregulated (P<0.05) in ST muscle with C16:1 infusion. These results show that C16:1 infusion for 28 days reduced weight gain, intramuscular adipocyte size and total lipid content, and circulating insulin levels. These changes appear to be mediated through alterations in expression of genes regulating glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation specifically in the muscles.
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PMID:Palmitoleic acid reduces intramuscular lipid and restores insulin sensitivity in obese sheep. 2542 33

The alterations in carbohydrate metabolism that fuel tumor growth have been extensively studied. However, other metabolic pathways involved in malignant progression, demand further understanding. Here we describe a metabolic acyl-CoA synthetase/stearoyl-CoA desaturase ACSL/SCD network causing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program that promotes migration and invasion of colon cancer cells. The mesenchymal phenotype produced upon overexpression of these enzymes is reverted through reactivation of AMPK signaling. Furthermore, this network expression correlates with poorer clinical outcome of stage-II colon cancer patients. Finally, combined treatment with chemical inhibitors of ACSL/SCD selectively decreases cancer cell viability without reducing normal cells viability. Thus, ACSL/SCD network stimulates colon cancer progression through conferring increased energetic capacity and invasive and migratory properties to cancer cells, and might represent a new therapeutic opportunity for colon cancer treatment.
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PMID:A link between lipid metabolism and epithelial-mesenchymal transition provides a target for colon cancer therapy. 2645 12