Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.11.11 (AMPK)
 12,425 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase II (RII) from porcine heart was modified specifically and covalently using the photoaffinity reagent, 8-azidoadenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (8-N3cAMP). In the presence of excess cAMP, the photo-dependent incorporation of 8-N3cAMP was abolished whereas excess AMP and ATP had no effect. A maximum incorporation of 0.5 mol of 8-N3cAMP was achieved/mol of regulatory subunit monomer (Mr = 55,000). This level of incorporation was obtained when the purified regulatory subunit was treated with urea prior to labeling to remove residual bound cAMP. When the regulatory subunit was labeled with radioactive 8-N3cAMP, cleaved with trypsin, and the tryptic peptides mapped in two dimensions, a single major radioactive peptide was observed. Chemical cleavage of the radioactively labeled RII with cyanogen bromide and subsequent chromatography on Sephadex G-50 also yielded a single major peak of radioactivity. The covalently modified cyanogen bromide peptide subsequently was purified to homogeneity using high performance liquid chromatography. Greater than 90% of the radioactivity that was incorporated into the regulatory subunit was recovered in this cyanogen bromide peptide which had the following sequence: Lys-Arg-Asn-Ile-Ser-His-Tyr (cAMP)-Glu-Glu-Cln-Leu-Val-Lys-Hse. When the Edman degradation of this peptide was carried out, the radioactivity derived from the 8-N3cAMP was released with the tyrosine residue at Step 7 identifying this residue as the specific site of attachment of the photoaffinity reagent.
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PMID:Covalent modification of an adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate binding site of the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase II with 8-azidoadenosine 3':5'-monophosphate. Identification of a single modified tyrosine residue. 625 Oct 58

Homogenous regulatory subunit from rabbit skeletal muscle cAMP-dependent protein kinase (isozyme I) was partially hydrolyzed with low (1 g/1300 g) or high (1 g/6 g) concentrations of trypsin. After treatment with low trypsin two main peptides (Mr = 35,000 and 12,000) were produced. The cAMP-binding activity (2 mol cAMP/mol of subunit monomer) was recovered in the monomeric Mr = 35,000 peptide. The ability of either fragment to inhibit catalytic subunit activity was lost. Treatment of the regulatory subunit with a high concentration of trypsin yielded three main fragments (Mr = 32,000, 16,000, and 6,000) which could be resolved by Sephadex G-75 and purified further on DEAE-cellulose columns. One of the peptides (Mr = 32,000) bound 2 mol cAMP/mol fragment. The Mr = 16,000 fragment was very labile and bound cAMP with an undetermined stoichiometry. Cyclic AMP dissociation curves for the native regulatory subunit and its Mr = 32,000 component were similar and suggested the presence of two nonidentical binding sites in each monomer. Using the same procedure, the Mr = 16,000 fragment or homogenous cGMP-dependent protein kinase appeared to contain a single type of binding site. Purified Mr = 32,000 fragment was readily converted to the Mr = 16,000 fragment using high trypsin as assessed by protein bands on SDS-disc gels or by following transfer of radioactivity from Mr = 32,000 peptide covalently labeled with 8-N3-[32P] cAMP to radiolabeled Mr = 16,000 fragment. The smallest regulatory subunit fragment (Mr = 6,000) did not bind cAMP, but was dimeric and could be part of the dimerization domain in the native protein. A model is presented to explain the possible structural-functional relationships of the regulatory subunit.
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PMID:Studies of functional domains of the regulatory subunit from cAMP-dependent protein kinase isozyme I. 625 20

The amino acid sequence around the site of the regulatory subunit of type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase (RI) that is phosphorylated by cGMP-dependent protein kinase has been determined. This site was found to be located near the site on RI previously shown to be very sensitive to hydrolysis by trypsin (Potter, R. L., and Taylor, S. S. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 2413-2418). The primary sequence surrounding the site is as follows: -Lys-Ala-Gly-Ser-Arg-Ala-Asp-Ser-Arg-Glu-Asp-Glu-Ile-Ser-Pro-Pro-Pro-Pro-Asn-Pro-Val-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Gly-Ala-Ile-Ser(P)-Ala-Glu-Val-Tyr-Thr-Glu-Glu-Asp-Ala-Ala-Ser-Tyr-Val-Arg-Lys-Val-Ile-Pro-Lys-Asp-Tyr-Lys-Thr-. As described previously (Geahlen, R. L., and Krebs, E. G. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 1164-1169), this site is specific for cGMP-dependent protein kinase and is not phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
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PMID:Studies on the site in the regulatory subunit of type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylated by cGMP-dependent protein kinase. 626 84

[32P]ATP-citrate lyase phosphorylated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase was partially digested by trypsin. Two tryptic 32P-labeled phosphopeptides containing more than 90% of the 32P radioactivity present on the phosphorylated enzyme were purified and found to have overlapping amino acid sequences around the same phosphorylated site (Thr-Ala-Ser(32P)-Phe-Ser-Glu-Ser-Arg). Tryptic digestion of 32P-labeled ATP-citrate lyase purified from 32P-labeled hepatocytes exposed to glucagon yielded a major 32P-labeled peptide of identical amino acid composition with that indicated above. Thus, the site on ATP-citrate lyase phosphorylated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro resides on the same octapeptide as the site of glucagon-stimulated phosphorylation in intact hepatocytes.
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PMID:ATP-citrate lyase. Structure of a tryptic peptide containing the phosphorylation site directed by glucagon and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. 626 53

A membranal proteinase from brush-border epithelial cells of the rat small intestine was shown to bring about a restricted and limited degradation of the free catalytic subunit (C) of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) with concomitant inactivation of the kinase. This membranal proteinase exhibits a remarkable specificity. (i) It degrades C in its native conformation, but not after it has been heat-denatured. (ii) The degradation of C (Mr 40,000) does not proceed further, once a distinct clipped product (Mr 34,000) is formed. (iii) The undissociated ("stored") form of the enzyme (R2C2) is not attacked by the membranal proteinase, preserving both its potential catalytic activity and its molecular integrity. Only upon addition of cyclic AMP to release free C does the proteinase attack it. (iv) The membranal proteinase does not degrade the regulatory subunit (R), released by cyclic AMP from R2C2, although R is quite susceptible to degradation by other proteolytic enzymes. None of these features of the membranal proteinase could be reproduced with trypsin, chymotrypsin, clostripain, or papain. The specific, restricted, and limited action of this membranal enzyme raises the possibility that it may have a distinct physiological assignment associated with the bioregulation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.
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PMID:Degradative inactivation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase by a membranal proteinase is restricted to the free catalytic subunit in its native conformation. 626 95

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in supernatants of homogenates of kidneys from vitamin D-deficient chicks is decreased to 70% of the level measured in kidneys from normal chicks. Activity was restored to normal by oral administration of vitamin D or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for 1 or 2 weeks. Both isozymes of cAMP-dependent protein kinase were reduced to the same extent by vitamin D deficiency. The decreased enzyme activity could not be accounted for by a shift to the particulate fraction nor by an increased requirement for cyclic AMP. A heat stable, trichloroacetic acid-precipitable, trypsin-labile inhibitor of protein kinase activity was identified and quantitated in kidneys from vitamin D-deficient chicks (16 to 26 units/mg of protein) and from those given vitamin D (2 to 6 units/mg of protein). The measured difference in inhibitor levels could not be attributed to differential stability in kidney homogenates from vitamin D-deficient or -repleted chicks. The observed increase in inhibitor level with vitamin D deficiency is not sufficient to account for the decrease in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity, suggesting that the total amount of this enzyme activity is reduced in vitamin D deficiency.
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PMID:Effect of vitamin D status on cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity and its heat-stable inhibitor in chick kidney. 627 Jan 31

The amino acid sequence at the ATP-binding site on the cGMP-dependent protein kinase has been determined. For this determination the enzyme was labeled covalently by 5'-p-fluorosulfonyl[14C]benzoyladenosine and fragmented using cyanogen bromide or digested by trypsin after succinylation. The 14C-labeled peptides were purified by gel filtration and high performance liquid chromatography. The amino acid sequence around the site was found to be: -Val-Glu-Leu-Val-Gln-Leu-Lys-Ser-Glu-Glu-Ser-Lys-Thr-Phe-Ala-Met-*Lys-Ile-Leu-Lys--Lys-Arg-His-Ile-Val-Asp-Thr-Arg-Gln-Gln-Glu-His-Ile-Arg-Ser-Glu-Lys-, in which *Lys is the lysine residue that was modified by the affinity reagent. When this sequence was compared with that of the ATP-binding site of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, a high degree of structural homology was observed for this site in the two proteins.
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PMID:Amino acid sequence at the ATP-binding site of cGMP-dependent protein kinase. 627 62

Studies have been initiated to determine the hormonal regulation of glycogen synthase in rabbit skeletal muscle. It was found that glycogen synthase purified from control animals was quite highly phosphorylated (2.35 mol phosphate/mol synthase subunit) with 40% of the phosphate in the trypsin-sensitive or COOH-terminal domain, and 60% in the trypsin-insensitive or NH2-terminal domain. The phosphorylation state of synthase was elevated (3.9 mol/mol) by epinephrine injection and in the diabetic condition. With epinephrine, about 76% of the additional phosphate was incorporated in the trypsin-sensitive domain, which strongly supports the contention that this hormone acts through the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase. In the synthase purified from diabetic rabbits, 90% of the additional phosphate was in the trypsin-insensitive domain. Insulin treatment of the diabetics resulted in specific dephosphorylation of the trypsin-insensitive domain. These results indicate that in this system insulin is not acting by inhibition of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
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PMID:Hormonal regulation of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase through covalent phosphorylation. 628 61

The modification and concomitant inactivation of the catalytic subunit of bovine heart cAMP-dependent protein kinase with affinity analogs of peptide substrates potentially capable of undergoing disulfide interchange with enzyme-bound sulfhydryl groups have been used to probe the active site associated with peptide binding. The regeneration of catalytic activity on treatment of the modified enzymes with dithiothreitol and the observation that prior reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) blocks the modification of the kinase by these reagents are consistent with the proposal that only thiol residues are reacting. The affinity analog Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Cys(3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl)-Leu-Gly, 1, and the closely related peptide AcLeu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Cys(3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl)-Leu-Gly-OEt, 3, react with a single sulfhydryl as shown by the stoichiometry of the release of the 3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl group and the amount of label incorporated in the enzyme when the radioactively labeled peptide analog of 3 (peptide 4) is employed as the modifying agent. The kinetics of the reaction of 1 with 4.3 microM catalytic subunit was monophasic (employing substrate in excess conditions), yielding an apparent value of KI of approximately 40 microM and a k2 value of approximately 0.25 s-1. The low value of the observed KI, together with the observation that protein kinase substrates inhibit the modification reactions, suggest strongly that the cysteine residue undergoing reaction is in the vicinity of the active site. By trypsin-catalyzed degradation and identification of the peptide segment modified by covalent attachment of the peptide portion of the radioactive analog 4, the single cysteine modified was identified as cysteine-198.
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PMID:Modification of the catalytic subunit of bovine heart cAMP-dependent protein kinase with affinity labels related to peptide substrates. 628 62

32P-labeled ATP-citrate lyase isolated from 32P-labeled hepatocytes treated with insulin contained 1.6-1.8-fold greater 32P-radioactivity per mg protein than control enzyme. Both enzyme preparations were digested in parallel with trypsin until 94% of all 32P-radioactivity was rendered acid soluble. Quantitative high performance liquid chromatographic peptide mapping of the tryptic digests revealed a principal 32P-peptide which accounted for at least 80% of the insulin induced increment in 32P-radioactivity of native lyase. This peptide was purified, sequenced, and the site of 32P-phosphorylation assigned by two methods: electrophoresis (pH 6.5) of residual peptide after each step of Edman degradation and solid phase sequencing. The site of insulin-directed phosphorylation of ATP-citrate lyase (Thr-Ala-Ser(32P)-Phe-Ser-Glu-Ser-Arg) is the same as that directed by glucagon, and, in turn, identical with that phosphorylated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro.
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PMID:The insulin-directed phosphorylation site on ATP-citrate lyase is identical with the site phosphorylated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro. 628 69


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