Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.11.11 (AMPK)
 12,425 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with tissue damage in the lung and may be a common element in the pathogenesis of all inflammatory lung diseases. Exposure to the ROS hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) evoked a rapid increase in transepithelial anion secretion across monolayers of the human submucosal gland serous cell line Calu-3. This increase was almost entirely abolished by the addition of diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC), implicating the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- channel in the response. The response was also reduced by inhibitors of basolateral K+ channels. Studies of electrically isolated apical and basolateral membranes revealed that H2O2 stimulated both apical Cl- and basolateral K+ conductances (G(Cl) and G(K)). Apical G(Cl) was sensitive to DPC, but unaffected by 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), suggesting that CFTR is the major anion conduction pathway mediating the response to H2O2. Additionally, H2O2 had no effect on G(Cl) in the presence of the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 or following maximal stimulation of G(Cl) with forskolin, implicating the cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway in the apical response to H2O2. Basolateral G(K) was reduced by the K+ channel inhibitors clotrimazole and clofilium, indicating roles for KCNN4 and KCNQ1 in the H2O2-stimulated response. We propose that ROS-stimulated anion secretion from serous cells plays an important role in keeping the airways clear from damaging radicals that could potentially initiate tissue destruction. Our finding that this response is CFTR dependent suggests that an important host defence mechanism would be dysfunctional in the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung. Loss of this compensatory protective mechanism could expose the CF lung to ROS for extended periods, which could be important in the pathogenesis of CF lung disease.
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PMID:Oxidant stress stimulates anion secretion from the human airway epithelial cell line Calu-3: implications for cystic fibrosis lung disease. 1218 Dec 92

The Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) pathway is considered a central regulator of protein synthesis and of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. However, the role of the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway in lung carcinoma remains unknown. We previously showed that fibronectin, a matrix glycoprotein highly expressed in tobacco-related lung disease, stimulates non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell growth and survival. Herein, we explore the role of the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway in fibronectin-induced NSCLC cell growth. We found that fibronectin stimulated the phosphorylation of Akt, an upstream inducer of mTOR, and induced the phosphorylation of p70S6K1 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), two downstream targets of mTOR in NSCLC cells (H1792 and H1838), whereas it inhibited the phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10, a tumor suppressor protein that antagonizes the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signal. In addition, treatment with fibronectin inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of LKB1 as well as the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPKalpha), both known to down-regulate mTOR. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, blocked the fibronectin-induced phosphorylation of p70S6K and 4E-BP1. Akt small interfering RNA (siRNA) and an antibody against the fibronectin-binding integrin alpha5beta1 also blocked the p70S6K phosphorylation in response to fibronectin. In contrast, an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (PD98095) had no effect on fibronectin-induced phosphorylation of p70S6K. Moreover, the combination of rapamycin and siRNA for Akt blocked fibronectin-induced cell proliferation. Taken together, these observations suggest that fibronectin-induced stimulation of NSCLC cell proliferation requires activation of the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway and is associated with inhibition of LKB1/AMPK signaling.
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PMID:Fibronectin stimulates non-small cell lung carcinoma cell growth through activation of Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin/S6 kinase and inactivation of LKB1/AMP-activated protein kinase signal pathways. 1639 45

Germline loss-of-function BHD mutations cause cystic lung disease and hereditary pneumothorax, yet little is known about the impact of BHD mutations in the lung. Folliculin (FLCN), the product of the Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) gene, has been linked to altered cell-cell adhesion and to the AMPK and mTORC1 signaling pathways. We found that downregulation of FLCN in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells decreased the phosphorylation of ACC, a marker of AMPK activation, while downregulation of FLCN in small airway epithelial (SAEC) cells increased the activity of phospho-S6, a marker of mTORC1 activation, highlighting the cell type-dependent functions of FLCN. Cell-cell adhesion forces were significantly increased in FLCN-deficient HBE cells, consistent with prior findings in FLCN-deficient human kidney-derived cells. To determine how these altered cell-cell adhesion forces impact the lung, we exposed mice with heterozygous inactivation of Bhd (similarly to humans with germline inactivation of one BHD allele) to mechanical ventilation at high tidal volumes. Bhd(+/-) mice exhibited a trend (P = 0.08) toward increased elastance after 6 h of ventilation at 24 cc/kg. Our results indicate that FLCN regulates the AMPK and mTORC1 pathways and cell-cell adhesion in a cell type-dependent manner. FLCN deficiency may impact the physiologic response to inflation-induced mechanical stress, but further investigation is required. We hypothesize that FLCN-dependent effects on signaling and cellular adhesion contribute to the pathogenesis of cystic lung disease in BHD patients.
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PMID:Folliculin regulates cell-cell adhesion, AMPK, and mTORC1 in a cell-type-specific manner in lung-derived cells. 2512 6

Patients with severe lung disease may develop hypercapnia, elevation of the levels of CO2 in the lungs and blood, which is associated with increased risk of death, often from infection. To identify compounds that ameliorate the adverse effects of hypercapnia, we performed a focused screen of 8832 compounds using a CO2-responsive luciferase reporter in Drosophila S2* cells. We found that evoxine, a plant alkaloid, counteracts the CO2-induced transcriptional suppression of antimicrobial peptides in S2* cells. Strikingly, evoxine also inhibits hypercapnic suppression of interleukin-6 and the chemokine CCL2 expression in human THP-1 macrophages. Evoxine's effects are selective, since it does not prevent hypercapnic inhibition of phagocytosis by THP-1 cells or CO2-induced activation of AMPK in rat ATII pulmonary epithelial cells. The results suggest that hypercapnia suppresses innate immune gene expression by definable pathways that are evolutionarily conserved and demonstrate for the first time that specific CO2 effects can be targeted pharmacologically.
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PMID:Focused Screening Identifies Evoxine as a Small Molecule That Counteracts CO2-Induced Immune Suppression. 2670 Oct 99

Loss-of-function mutations in the folliculin gene (FLCN) on chromosome 17p cause Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (BHD), which is associated with cystic lung disease. The risk of lung collapse (pneumothorax) in BHD patients is 50-fold higher than in the general population. The cystic lung disease in BHD is distinctive because the cysts tend to be basilar, subpleural and lentiform, differentiating BHD from most other cystic lung diseases. Recently, major advances in elucidating the primary functions of the folliculin protein have been made, including roles in mTOR and AMPK signaling via the interaction of FLCN with FNIP1/2, and cell-cell adhesion via the physical interaction of FLCN with plakophilin 4 (PKP4), an armadillo-repeat containing protein that interacts with E-cadherin and is a component of the adherens junctions. In addition, in just the last three years, the pulmonary impact of FLCN deficiency has been examined for the first time. In mouse models, evidence has emerged that AMPK signaling and cell-cell adhesion are involved in alveolar enlargement. In addition, the pathologic features of human BHD cysts have been recently comprehensively characterized. The "stretch hypothesis" proposes that cysts in BHD arise because of fundamental defects in cell-cell adhesion, leading to repeated respiration-induced physical stretch-induced stress and, over time, expansion of alveolar spaces particularly in regions of the lung with larger changes in alveolar volume and at weaker "anchor points" to the pleura. This hypothesis ties together many of the new data from cellular and mouse models of BHD and from the human pathologic studies. Critical questions remain. These include whether the consequences of stretch-induced cyst formation arise through a destructive/inflammatory program or a proliferative program (or both), whether cyst initiation involves a "second hit" genetic event inactivating the remaining wild-type copy of FLCN (as is known to occur in BHD-associated renal cell carcinomas), and whether cyst initiation involves exclusively the epithelial compartment versus an interaction between the epithelium and mesenchyme. Ultimately, understanding the mechanisms of cystic lung disease in BHD may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of primary spontaneous pneumothorax, with more than 20,000 cases reported annually in the United States alone.
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PMID:Mechanisms of pulmonary cyst pathogenesis in Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome: The stretch hypothesis. 2687 39