Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum has two forms of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. The inactive phosphorylase 'b' form requires 5' AMP for activity and is present in early development. The active phosphorylase 'a' form is 5' AMP independent and occurs during later development. We here show that the 92 kd 'b' enzyme subunit exists either as a singlet or a doublet upon SDS-PAGE, depending on the method of sample extraction. In the presence of exogenously added Mn2+ and ATP, the phosphorylase 'b' shows apparent conversion into a 5' AMP independent form as measured by enzyme activity. In addition, Mn2+ and ATP also support an in vitro phosphorylation of the 92 kd phosphorylase 'b' subunit. We also demonstrate phosphorylation of the 'b' enzyme subunit in vivo by 32-P incorporation into the enzyme protein. A protein kinase responsible for the observed in vitro phosphorylation of the phosphorylase 'b' subunit is characterized.
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PMID:Glycogen phosphorylase 'b' in Dictyostelium: stability and endogenous phosphorylation. 314 89

It has been known for 20 years that during cellular differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum, glycogen is degraded to provide the glucose precursors that are required for the synthesis of the end-products of development. Because this pathway provided a distinct developmentally regulated event, a number of laboratories have investigated the regulation of the first step in glycogen degradation, glycogen phosphorylase. Of particular interest was the possible regulation of this enzyme by cAMP. Cyclic AMP is know to act as a signal in this organism for both chemotaxis and cell differentiation. The phosphorylase activity was found to increase during development and, therefore, it has been used in many studies as a marker for late stage development. However, only one form of the phosphorylase was found, and therefore it was concluded that cAMP was not involved in regulation of this key step in the developmental pathway. Here we report the discovery of a second form of the enzyme. This form is completely dependent on AMP for activity and is found only in the undifferentiated stage. This second form contains several of the properties of the nonphosphorylated enzyme that occurs in systems that are regulated by cAMP. This result and the recent discovery of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase has rekindled the possibility that at least one of the effects of cAMP in this organism occurs via a cAMP-dependent cascade of phosphorylation; that is, the activation of glycogen phosphorylase and subsequent production of the precursors for the end-products of development.
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PMID:Identification of two forms of glycogen phosphorylase in Dictyostelium. 349 Aug 29

A procedure for the determination of the activation state of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAMP-PK) in the cytosolic fraction of dog myocardium was derived from existing assays of this enzyme in tissues, a new element being the absence of added sodium chloride throughout the procedure. About 2/3 of the total cAMP-PK in normal dog ventricular myocardium was found to be present in the cytosolic (supernatant) fraction, the remaining 1/3 being particle-bound. The isoenzyme profile in the cytosolic fraction as determined by DEAE-cellulose chromatography revealed the presence of nearly equal amounts of the type I and type II isoenzymes. This distribution was also evident in experiments in which the RI and RII regulatory subunits were photoaffinity labeled with 8-azido- [32P] cAMP. Ligation of the left circumflex coronary artery in anesthetized open-chest dogs kept under artificial respiration caused increases in the cAMP-PK activity ratio (-cAMP/+cAMP) from a control value of 0.11 to 0.26 and 0.22, respectively, in the ischemic and in a nonischemic area of the left ventricle. This effect was clearly evident 2 min after ligation and was still observable in the ischemic area after 20 min. It was associated with increases in cAMP levels and in the activity ratio (-5' -AMP/+5' -AMP) of glycogen phosphorylase in the ventricular tissues. Pretreatment of the dogs with (+/-)-propranolol (2 mg/kg) abolished the cAMP and cAMP-PK responses, while the phosphorylase activity ratio remained elevated.
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PMID:Assay of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in canine myocardium: effect of coronary artery ligation on the cytosolic enzyme. 408 76

Brief incubation of partially purified preparations of hormone-sensitive lipase from rat epididymal fat pads with ATP, Mg(++), cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate and rabbit muscle protein kinase (phosphorylase b kinase kinase) resulted in enhancement of lipolytic activity (44-93%). Little or no activation was observed when either the cofactor mixture or the protein kinase was omitted. When the fat pads were incubated with epinephrine prior to homogenization, addition of kinase and cofactors to the soluble supernatant fraction caused no activation whereas good activation was obtained in preparations from paired fat pads not exposed to epinephrine. The results indicate that the cyclic AMP-mediated activation of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue involves a protein phosphorylation step. Whether the lipase itself is phosphorylated and thus activated or whether the protein kinase is activating a mediating enzyme, in analogy with its action in the glycogen phosphorylase system, remains to be determined.
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PMID:ATP-dependent and cyclic AMP-dependent activation of rat adipose tissue lipase by protein kinase from rabbit skeletal muscle. 431 80

It has been suggested that amrinone and AR-L57 enhance cardiac contractility either by inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity or altering Ca++ homeostasis. Because these novel agents are potentially useful in the management of heart failure, it was of interest to more clearly define their mechanism(s) of action. Amrinone and AR-L57 caused concentration-dependent increases in the contractile states of either perfused guinea-pig hearts or cultured rat cardiomyocytes. To determine whether these actions might result from an increase in sarcolemmal Ca++ movement, the effects of these agents on Ca++ accumulation were studied in a simple system, dog erythrocytes. Both agents promoted erythrocyte Ca++ accumulation in time and concentration-dependent manners, effects that resulted primarily from increased Ca++ entry. However, because these effects were not measurable at inotropic drug concentrations and were apparent only after a 30-min incubation, they did not provide an explanation for the inotropic effects of these agents. Amrinone and AR-L57 inhibited dog heart phosphodiesterase activity (isozyme III) with EC50 values of 23 and 420 microM, respectively; however, only the inotropic responses to amrinone were attenuated by the muscarinic agonist, carbachol, thereby implying a cAMP (cyclic AMP)-dependent mechanism. In cultured ventricular cells, concentrations of amrinone (2 X 10(-4) M) and AR-L57 (3 X 10(-5) M) that caused maximal inotropic responses were associated with the activation of glycogen phosphorylase, but neither drug significantly increased the activation state of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. To further probe the effects of these drugs on intracellular cAMP and Ca++ metabolism, their effects on protein phosphorylation were studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Molecular basis for the cardiovascular activities of amrinone and AR-L57. 608 73

The cardiotonic drugs AR-L57 [2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazo(4,5b)-pyridine] and isoproterenol stimulated contractility in cultured heart cells in concentration-dependent manners; only the effects of isoproterenol were blocked by propranolol. Isoproterenol, but not AR-L57, enhanced the phosphorylation state of seven protein bands [relative molecular weights (MrS) 155,000, 96,000, 27,000, 24,000, 20,000, 16,000, 12,000] and resulted in the dephosphorylation of one protein band (Mr 21,000). Also, only isoproterenol increased the activation states of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase and glycogen phosphorylase. The eight protein bands resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and detected by autoradiography were altered by isoproterenol in time- and concentration-dependent manners. The 24,000-Mr protein substrate phosphorylated in response to isoproterenol was converted to a 12,000-Mr species by heating in the presence of SDS prior to electrophoresis, suggesting that the two substrates were in fact identical proteins. A comparison of the 2-min responses to varying concentrations of isoproterenol resulted in excellent correlations between the phosphorylation states of individual protein bands and contractility. This was true even for the 21,000-Mr species that was dephosphorylated. However, only the 27,000-, 24-12,000-, and 16,000-Mr substrates were phosphorylated rapidly enough to be associated with the onset of the inotropic response. Cultured myocytes are an important feature of these studies as they are 84% pure ventricular cells that remain 100% viable throughout an experiment. Because this system is suitable for biochemical measurements and the effects of agents on heart cell contractility can be determined, it is possible to correlate changes in biochemical parameters with alterations in physiological state.
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PMID:Contractility and protein phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes: effects of isoproterenol and AR-L57. 608 83

Cyclic phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascade systems are responsible for regulating numerous metabolic pathways. The capacity of a cyclic cascade system to maintain a steady-state level of phosphorylation and, hence, a specific biological activity of a phosphorylatable protein is dependent upon a constant supply of metabolic energy (ATP). Quantification of the extent of ATP consumption in a cyclic cascade was examined experimentally with the model in vitro phosphorylation/dephosphorylation system described in detail in the previous paper (Shacter, E., Chock, P. B., and Stadtman, E. R. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 12252-12259). The results indicate that (a) when the concentrations of converter enzymes and interconvertible substrate are held constant and the fractional phosphorylation of the substrate is varied by changing the allosteric effector concentrations, the rate of ATP consumption in the monocyclic cascade is directly proportional to the steady-state level of phosphorylation being maintained. (b) Attainment of a particular steady-state level of phosphorylation is determined by the net ratio of the protein kinase and phosphatase activities and is independent of the absolute concentrations of these enzymes. (c) Whereas the time required to reach a given steady state is inversely proportional to the converter enzyme concentrations, the amount of ATP consumed in maintaining that steady state is directly proportional to the kinase and phosphatase concentrations. In addition, a theoretical analysis based upon experimentally determined parameters for two in vivo cyclic cascade systems (pyruvate kinase and glycogen phosphorylase) revealed that under normal conditions, cyclic phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascades consume only a small proportion (less than 0.02%) of the total cellular energy flux.
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PMID:Energy consumption in a cyclic phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascade. 609 Apr 63

Isolated guinea pig hearts were used to determine whether an extracellular (interstitial) or intracellular pool of myocardial adenosine is most important in attenuating the catecholamine-induced enhancement of cardiac contractile state and glycogenolysis. Isoproterenol (2 X 10(-8) M) stimulation of hypoxic (30% O2) perfused hearts produced a marked elevation in tissue and effluent perfusate adenosine levels that were greater than the increases observed with the isoproterenol stimulation of oxygenated hearts (95% O2). In the isoproterenol stimulated hypoxic hearts nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR), a potent inhibitor of adenosine cellular transport, further increased tissue adenosine content and markedly decreased the perfusate level of the nucleoside. Assuming that perfusate levels of adenosine correlate directly with extracellular levels, NBMPR was used as a tool to increase the intracellular and decrease the extracellular content of the nucleoside. When compared to responses in oxygenated hearts, hypoxia reduced the isoproterenol-produced increase in myocardial cyclic AMP content, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity and contractility but enhanced the increase in glycogen phosphorylase alpha formation. NBMPR completely prevented the reduction of the isoproterenol-induced cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase responses but only partially prevented the attenuation of the contractile response. The increase in phosphorylase alpha formation in the hypoxic isoproterenol stimulated hearts was not influenced by NBMPR. The results suggest that an increase in extracellular adenosine is more influential than an elevation of intracellular adenosine in attenuating beta-adrenoceptor-elicited increases in myocardial cyclic AMP content, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity and contractile state.
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PMID:Role of extracellular and intracellular adenosine in the attenuation of catecholamine evoked responses in guinea pig heart. 609 51

The cAMP-dependent protein kinase-induced effects on phosphorylase and glycogen synthase activities and glucose production were studied in hepatocytes isolated from fed rats in the presence of the diastereomers of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphorothioate, (Sp)-cAMPS and (Rp)-cAMPS. Incubation of hepatocytes with (Sp)-cAMPS or glucagon, both of which lead to cAMP-dependent protein kinase activation, resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in glycogen phosphorylase activity and a decrease in glycogen synthase activity. Incubation of hepatocytes with the cAMP-dependent protein kinase antagonist, (Rp)-cAMPS, in the absence of an agonist, had no significant effect on phosphorylase or glycogen synthase activities. Incubation of hepatocytes with a half-maximally inhibitory concentration of (Rp)-cAMPS shifted the agonist-induced activation curves for phosphorylase and the agonist-induced inhibition curves for glycogen synthase to 5-fold higher concentrations for both (Sp)-cAMPS and glucagon. Phosphorylase activity was very sensitive to the rapid, concentration-dependent inhibition by (Rp)-cAMPS of agonist-induced activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The effects on phosphorylase activity were observable in 30 s and were concentration-dependent with half-maximal inhibition at 10 microM, similar to that observed for cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In contrast, glycogen synthase activity was less sensitive to (Rp)-cAMPS inhibition of agonist-induced activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The effects on glycogen synthase activity lagged behind those on phosphorylase activity and the concentration dependence did not parallel the cAMP-dependent protein kinase effect, but was shifted to higher concentrations of (Rp)-cAMPS with half-maximal inhibition at 60 microM. Glucose (10 to 40 mM) increased the sensitivity of glycogen synthase to (Rp)-cAMPS inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase over a narrow range of agonist concentration, but had no significant effect throughout most of the agonist-induced activation range. Thus, the diastereomers, (Sp)- and (Rp)-cAMPS, influence glycogen metabolism and the glycogenolytic enzymes through their modulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase levels.
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PMID:Effects of the specific cAMP antagonist, (Rp)-adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphorothioate, on the cAMP-dependent protein kinase-induced activity of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. 609 66

It is evident from the above review that during the last two decades a great deal of interest in investigating the action of serotonin in parasitic worms has been shown by parasitologists as well as by scientists from several other disciplines. What we have initially reported concerning the effect of serotonin on motility and carbohydrate metabolism of F. hepatica has been pursued on several other parasitic worms. The studies so far indicate that serotonin stimulates motility of every species tested among the phylum Platyhelminthes. The indoleamine also stimulates glycogenolysis in the few flatworm parasites that have been investigated. The information in nematodes is scanty and the role of serotonin in these parasites is still open for experimentation. Recent biochemical investigations on F. hepatica and S. mansoni demonstrated that serotonin and related compounds utilize a common class of receptors in plasma membrane particles which I designate as 'serotonin receptors'. These receptors are linked to an adenylate cyclase that catalyses the synthesis of the second messenger, cyclic 3',5'-AMP. Serotonin and its congeners increase the concentration of cyclic AMP in intact parasites whereas antagonists inhibit such an effect. Cyclic AMP stimulates glycogenolysis, glycolysis and some rate-limiting glycolytic enzymes. It activates a protein kinase that may be involved in activation of glycogen phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase. Serotonin-activated adenylate cyclase in S. mansoni is activated early in the life of the schistosomule. The possibility is discussed that the availability of cyclic AMP through serotonin activation in these parasites may be a prelude to the development processes that take place in the parasite. The different components of the serotonin-activated adenylate cyclase in the parasite are the same as those that have been previously described for the host. Binding characteristics of the receptors indicate that the receptors in F. hepatica appear to be different from those that have been described in the host. The discovery of these receptors and their differences from those in the host offer a new site which is amenable to pharmacological manipulation. The search for new agents that influence serotonin receptors in these parasites could be included in a strategy for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents against these parasites.
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PMID:Serotonin receptors in parasitic worms. 615 76


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