Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
 81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recently, we have shown that various types of antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine, have negative immunoregulatory effects. These antidepressants suppress the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)/interleukin-10 (IL-10) production ratio, which is of critical importance for the determination of the capacity of immunocytes to inhibit or activate monocytic/lymphocytic functions. Since cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production is stimulated by some antidepressants, and since cAMP inhibits IFN-gamma and stimulates IL-10 production, we postulate that the negative immunoregulatory effects of antidepressants result from their effects on the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the negative immunoregulatory effects of fluoxetine may be blocked by antagonists of the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway, such as, e.g., SQ 22536, an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, and Rp-8-Br-cAMPs (Rp-isomer of 8-bromo-adenosine-3',5'-monophosphorothioate), a PKA antagonist. To this end, diluted whole blood collected from 17 normal volunteers was incubated with fluoxetine (10(-6) and 10(-5) M), with or without SQ 22536 (10(-6) and 10(-4) M) and Rp-8-Br-cAMPs (10(-6) and 10(-4) M), afterwards, IFN-gamma, IL-10 and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were determined. Fluoxetine, 10(-6) and 10(-5) M, significantly reduced the production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, and significantly decreased the IFN-gamma/IL-10 production ratio. SQ 22536 and Rp-8-Br-cAMPs were unable to block the suppressant effects of fluoxetine on the IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio. Rp-8-Br-cAMPs, 10(-4), but not 10(-6) M, normalized the fluoxetine-induced suppression of TNF-alpha production. It is concluded that the suppressant effect of fluoxetine on the IFN-gamma/IL-10 production ratio is probably not related to the induction of the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway, whereas the suppressant effect on TNF-alpha may be related to the induction of PKA. The obtained results suggest that increased activation of the PKA-dependent pathway may constitute an important molecular basis for some (suppression of TNF-alpha production), but not all (suppression of IFN-gamma production), negative immunoregulatory effects of fluoxetine.
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PMID:The negative immunoregulatory effects of fluoxetine in relation to the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway. 1568 56

Mice on the CBA inbred strain background expressing the well characterized mutation designated xid in the cytoplasmic signalling enzyme Bruton's protein kinase have been previously noted to illustrate shifts in T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 immunity which is underlined by an apparent failure to produce the regulatory cytokine interleukin-10. In the current study we examined if this extended to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which also depends on Th1 immunity. Contrary to expectations, xid mice showed evidence of a transient early susceptibility to pulmonary infection, changes in macrophage morphology, and decreased activation of lung natural killer cells, while showing evidence of substantial IL-10 production and accumulation in lung lesions macrophages, but paradoxically this did not influence the course of the chronic disease. In addition, macrophages from the lungs of xid mice also expressed high levels of CD14. These observations suggest that the xid mutation in cellular signalling has much wider effects on the immune system than previously thought.
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PMID:Interleukin-10 production by lung macrophages in CBA xid mutant mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 1588 31

Melanocortin peptides modulate cytokine release and adhesion molecule expression. Here we have investigated the early cell-signaling pathway responsible for the induction of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in RAW264.7 cells. Cell incubation with ACTH(1-39) or MTII (melanotan II) did not alter ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation, while p38 phosphorylation and intracellular cAMP accumulation occurred within minutes. ACTH(1-39) and MTII provoked a time-dependent accumulation of IL-10 that was abrogated by the PKA inhibitor H-89 and only partially blocked by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Thus, in RAW264.7 cells, IL-10 induction by the melanocortins is via the PKA pathway, and this mechanism could contribute to their anti-inflammatory profile.
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PMID:Melanocortin receptor signaling in RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. 1629 45

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns to induce innate immune responses and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interferons and anti-inflammatory cytokines. TLRs activate downstream effectors through adaptors that contain Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains, but the mechanisms accounting for diversification of TLR effector functions are unclear. To dissect biochemically TLR signalling, we established a system for isolating signalling complexes assembled by dimerized adaptors. Using MyD88 as a prototypical adaptor, we identified TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) as a new component of TIR signalling complexes that is recruited along with TRAF6. Using myeloid cells from TRAF3- and TRAF6-deficient mice, we show that TRAF3 is essential for the induction of type I interferons (IFN) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), but is dispensable for expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In fact, TRAF3-deficient cells overproduce pro-inflammatory cytokines owing to defective IL-10 production. Despite their structural similarity, the functions of TRAF3 and TRAF6 are largely distinct. TRAF3 is also recruited to the adaptor TRIF (Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-beta) and is required for marshalling the protein kinase TBK1 (also called NAK) into TIR signalling complexes, thereby explaining its unique role in activation of the IFN response.
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PMID:Specificity in Toll-like receptor signalling through distinct effector functions of TRAF3 and TRAF6. 1630 37

Bacterial infection triggers host inflammation through the activation of immune cells, leading to the elimination of bacteria. However, the regulatory mechanisms of the host inflammatory response remain unknown. Here we report that a subset of potent tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), regulatory DCs (DC(regs)), control the systemic inflammatory response. Unlike normal DCs, which produced proinflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), DC(regs) produced fewer proinflammatory cytokines and instead preferentially produced interleukin-10 (IL-10), and these events involved the expression of IkappaBNS and Bcl-3 as well as cyclic AMP (cAMP)-mediated activation of protein kinase A (PKA). In addition, DC(regs) not only suppressed LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages, but also reduced their serum levels in mice. Furthermore, DC(regs) protected mice against the lethality induced by experimental endotoxemia and bacterial peritonitis. The inhibitory effect of DC(regs) against inflammatory responses involved the production of IL-10. On the other hand, naturally existing tolerogenic DC subsets producing IL-10, CD11c(low)CD45RB(high) DCs, also suppressed LPS-induced host inflammatory responses. Thus, a subset of tolerogenic DCs act as potential regulators of the host inflammatory response, and they might have preventive and therapeutic potential for the treatment of systemic as well as local inflammatory diseases.
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PMID:Regulatory dendritic cells act as regulators of acute lethal systemic inflammatory response. 1641 Apr 44

Regulation of serine protease activity is considered to be the sole mechanism for the function of alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT). However, recent reports of the anti-inflammatory effects of AAT are hard to reconcile with this classical mechanism. We discovered that two key activities of AAT in vitro, namely inhibition of endotoxin-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha and enhancement of interleukin-10 in human monocytes, are mediated by an elevation of cAMP and activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. As expected with this type of mechanism, the AAT-mediated rise in cAMP and the impact on endotoxin-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 was enhanced when the catabolism of cAMP was blocked by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram. These effects were still observed with modified forms of AAT lacking protease inhibitor activity.
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PMID:Alpha1-antitrypsin, old dog, new tricks. Alpha1-antitrypsin exerts in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in human monocytes by elevating cAMP. 1726 91

Adiponectin, an adipokine predominantly secreted from adipose tissue, has potent anti-inflammatory properties. Although the mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory properties of adiponectin are not well understood, recent evidence suggests that increased production of interleukin-10 (IL-10), a potent immunomodulatory cytokine, is involved in the anti-inflammatory actions of adiponectin. Globular adiponectin (gAcrp) increased IL-10 promoter activity and IL-10 mRNA accumulation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Deletion of the sequences from -416 and -369 in the IL-10 promoter, containing a cyclic AMP-response element (CRE), decreased gAcrp-induced IL-10 promoter activation. Treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with gAcrp increased the phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) at Ser(133), as well as enhanced the DNA binding activity of CREB. Further, overexpression of a dominant negative form of CREB suppressed gAcrp-induced transcriptional activation of IL-10. gAcrp-stimulated CREB phosphorylation was mediated by the activation of both ERK1/2- and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-dependent pathways. Inhibition of either ERK1/2 or PKA activity prevented gAcrp-stimulated CREB phosphorylation, as well as gAcrp-stimulated IL-10 promoter activation. Taken together, these data identify gAcrp-stimulated phospho-CREB as a key transcription factor responsible for gAcrp-induced IL-10 promoter activation.
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PMID:Activation of cyclic-AMP response element binding protein contributes to adiponectin-stimulated interleukin-10 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. 1826 67

The double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) is an important component of antiviral defense. PKR participates in different signaling pathways in response to various stimuli to regulate translation via phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha, and transcription via activating NF-kappaB and IRF-1, to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here we show PKR regulates interleukin-10 induction in response to double-stranded RNA, bacterial lipopolysaccaride, and Sendai virus infection. Using chemical inhibitors, dominant negative constructs, and genetic knockouts, we demonstrate that the PKR-mediated interleukin-10 induction engages JNK and NF-kappaB. Together, our data demonstrate the role of PKR in regulating an anti-inflammatory cytokine. The findings have significance in antiviral as well as broader innate immune responses.
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PMID:Protein kinase R-dependent regulation of interleukin-10 in response to double-stranded RNA. 1862 2

Mammalian orthologues of the Drosophila tribbles protein (Trb1, Trb2 and Trb3) are a recently described family of signalling molecules that regulate gene expression by modulation of protein kinase signalling pathways. In the present study, a screen for mRNA species specifically regulated in vulnerable regions of human atherosclerotic plaque demonstrated the up-regulation of both Trb1 and Trb2, the latter by more than 8-fold. In vitro experiments in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages showed that Trb2 expression was up-regulated by treatment with oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and that expression of recombinant Trb2 specifically reduced macrophage levels of IL-10 (interleukin-10) mRNA. Our results thus identify Trb2 as a highly regulated gene in vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions, and demonstrate inhibition of macrophage IL-10 biosynthesis as a potential pro-inflammatory consequence of high Trb2 expression, which may contribute to plaque instability.
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PMID:Human tribbles homologue 2 is expressed in unstable regions of carotid plaques and regulates macrophage IL-10 in vitro. 1864 75

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) plays a crucial role in innate immunity and inflammation. It causes the synergistic effect on endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/NO biosynthesis; however, the mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3)-mediated inhibition of anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10). We found, in LPS-stimulated macrophages, that IFN-gamma increased iNOS expression and NO production in a time-dependent manner. In addition, ELISA analysis showed the upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted, and the downregulation of IL-10. RT-PCR further showed changes in the IL-10 mRNA level as well. Treating cells with recombinant IL-10 showed a decrease in IFN-gamma/LPS-induced iNOS/NO biosynthesis, whereas anti-IL-10 neutralizing antibodies enhanced this effect, suggesting that IL-10 acts in an anti-inflammatory role. GSK-3-inhibitor treatment blocked IFN-gamma/LPS-induced iNOS/NO biosynthesis but upregulated IL-10 production. Inhibiting GSK-3 using short-interference RNA showed similar results. Additionally, treating cells with anti-IL-10 neutralizing antibodies blocked these effects. We further showed that inhibiting GSK-3 increased phosphorylation of transcription factor cyclic AMP response element binding protein. Inhibiting protein tyrosine kinase Pyk2, an upstream regulator of GSK-3beta, caused inhibition on IFN-gamma/LPS-induced GSK-3beta phosphorylation at tyrosine 216 and iNOS/NO biosynthesis. Taken together, these findings reveal the involvement of GSK-3-inhibited IL-10 on the induction of iNOS/NO biosynthesis by IFN-gamma synergized with LPS.
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PMID:IFN-gamma synergizes with LPS to induce nitric oxide biosynthesis through glycogen synthase kinase-3-inhibited IL-10. 1865 71


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