Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Senescence-associated genes are up-regulated during plant senescence and many have been implicated in encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of senescing tissues. Using the differential display technique, we identified a SAG in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaf that was exclusively expressed during senescence and was designated senescence-associated receptor-like kinase (SARK). The deduced SARK polypeptide consists of a signal peptide, a leucine-rich repeat in the extracellular region, a single membrane-spanning domain, and the characteristic serine/threonine protein kinase domain. The mRNA level for SARK increased prior to the loss of chlorophyll and the decrease of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein mRNA. Detached mature bean leaves, which senesce at an accelerated rate compared with leaves on intact plants, showed a similar temporal pattern of SARK message accumulation. Light and cytokinin, which delayed the initiation of leaf senescence, also delayed SARK gene expression; in contrast, darkness and ethylene, which accelerated senescence, advanced the initial appearance of the SARK transcript. SARK protein accumulation exhibited a temporal pattern similar to that of its mRNA. A possible role for SARK in the regulation of leaf senescence was considered.
...
PMID:Cloning and characterization of a receptor-like protein kinase gene associated with senescence. 1108 Mar 6

Filamentous fungi grow by hyphal extension, which is an extreme example of polarized growth. In contrast to yeast species, where polarized growth of the tip of an emerging bud is temporally limited, filamentous fungi exhibit constitutive polarized growth of the hyphal tip. In many fungi, including Ashbya gossypii, polarized growth is reinforced by a process called hyphal maturation. Hyphal maturation refers to the developmental switch from slow-growing hyphae of young mycelium to fast-growing hyphae of mature mycelium. This process is essential for efficient expansion of mycelium. We report for the first time on the identification and characterization of a fungal gene important for hyphal maturation. This novel A. gossypii gene encodes a presumptive PAK (p21-activated kinase)-like kinase. Its closest homolog is the S. cerevisiae Cla4 protein kinase; the A. gossypii protein is therefore called AgCla4p. Agcla4 deletion strains are no longer able to perform the developmental switch from young to mature hyphae, and GFP (green fluorescent protein)-tagged AgCla4p localizes with much higher frequency in mature hyphal tips than in young hyphal tips. Both results support the importance of AgCla4p in hyphal maturation. AgCla4p is also required for septation, indicated by the inability of Agcla4 deletion strains to properly form actin rings and chitin rings. Despite the requirement of AgCla4p for the development of fast-growing hyphae, AgCla4p is not necessary for actin polarization per se, because tips enriched in cortical patches and hyphae with a fully developed network of actin cables can be seen in Agcla4 deletion strains. The possibility that AgCla4p may be involved in regulatory mechanisms that control the dynamics of the actin patches and/or actin cables is discussed.
...
PMID:A PAK-like protein kinase is required for maturation of young hyphae and septation in the filamentous ascomycete Ashbya gossypii. 1108 49

Doublecortin-like kinase (DCLK) shares sequence similarity to Doublecortin (DCX) in its N-terminal region. It contains the evolutionary conserved DC repeat motif as well a C-terminal kinase domain. Ectopic expression of DCLK in COS cells results in colocalization with microtubules, and phosphorylated DCLK copurifies with microtubules during assembly from embryonic brain extract. During brain development DCLK is expressed mainly in postmigratory neurons in a similar pattern to DCX. We demonstrate that DCLK is a microtubule-associated active protein kinase expressed in growth cones of postmitotic neurons.
...
PMID:Doublecortin-like kinase is associated with microtubules in neuronal growth cones. 1108 16

In eukaryotes, the ATM and ATR family proteins play a critical role in the DNA damage and replication checkpoint controls. These proteins are characterized by a kinase domain related to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, but they have the ability to phosphorylate proteins. In budding yeast, the ATR family protein Mec1/Esr1 is essential for checkpoint responses and cell growth. We have isolated the PIE1 gene in a two-hybrid screen for proteins that interact with Mec1, and we show that Pie1 interacts physically with Mec1 in vivo. Like MEC1, PIE1 is essential for cell growth, and deletion of the PIE1 gene causes defects in the DNA damage and replication block checkpoints similar to those observed in mec1Delta mutants. Rad53 hyperphosphorylation following DNA damage and replication block is also decreased in pie1Delta cells, as in mec1Delta cells. Pie1 has a limited homology to fission yeast Rad26, which forms a complex with the ATR family protein Rad3. Mutation of the region in Pie1 homologous to Rad26 results in a phenotype similar to that of the pie1Delta mutation. Mec1 protein kinase activity appears to be essential for checkpoint responses and cell growth. However, Mec1 kinase activity is unaffected by the pie1Delta mutation, suggesting that Pie1 regulates some essential function other than Mec1 kinase activity. Thus, Pie1 is structurally and functionally related to Rad26 and interacts with Mec1 to control checkpoints and cell proliferation.
...
PMID:Pie1, a protein interacting with Mec1, controls cell growth and checkpoint responses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1115 63

We have cloned Pfnek-1, a gene encoding a novel protein kinase from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. This enzyme displays maximal homology to the never-in-mitosis/Aspergillus (NIMA)/NIMA-like kinase (Nek) family of protein kinases, whose members are involved in eukaryotic cell division processes. Similar to other P. falciparum protein kinases and many enzymes of the NIMA/Nek family, Pfnek-1 possesses a large C-terminal extension in addition to the catalytic domain. Bacterially expressed recombinant Pfnek-1 protein is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate a panel of protein substrates with a specificity that is similar to that displayed by other members of the NIMA/Nek family. However, the FXXT motif usually found in NIMA/Nek protein kinases is substituted in Pfnek-1 by a SMAHS motif, which is reminiscent of a MAP/ERK kinase (MEK) activation site. Mutational analysis indicates that only one of the serine residues in this motif is essential for Pfnek-1 kinase activity in vitro. We show (a) that recombinant Pfnek-1 is able to specifically phosphorylate Pfmap-2, an atypical P. falciparum MAPK homologue, in vitro, and (b) that coincubation of Pfnek-1 and Pfmap-2 results in a synergistic increase in exogenous substrate labelling. This suggests that Pfnek-1 may be involved in the modulation of MAPK pathway output in malaria parasites. Finally, we demonstrate that recombinant Pfnek-1 can be used in inhibition assays to monitor the effect of kinase inhibitors, which opens the way to the screening of chemical libraries aimed at identifying potential new antimalarials.
...
PMID:Pfnek-1, a NIMA-related kinase from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum Biochemical properties and possible involvement in MAPK regulation. 1132 79

The antitumor drug adozelesin is a potent cytotoxic DNA-damaging agent. Here we determined how adozelesin affects chromosomal DNA replication at a molecular level in a yeast model system and examined the influence of checkpoint kinase genes, the human homologues of which are mutated in cancer. Analysis of replication intermediates using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that adozelesin inhibited the activity of a replication origin and stalled replication fork progression through chromosomal DNA at the origin. RAD53 and MEC1 protein kinase genes, homologues of human CHK2 and ATM, respectively, regulate an intra-S-phase DNA damage checkpoint and, when mutated, permit unchecked replication of damaged DNA in S-phase. Mutations in these genes did not abrogate adozelesin-induced inhibition of origin activity and fork progression at the replication origin. However, novel replication intermediates indicative of DNA breaks were detected only in the rad53 mutant, suggesting a role for the wild-type gene in maintaining chromosome integrity in the presence of the drug. In contrast to the inhibition of the active replication origin by adozelesin, normally silent origins present in the same chromosome were activated by adozelesin in rad53 and mec1 mutant cells. Thus, an antitumor drug that damages DNA can induce an abnormal replication pattern in a chromosome by activating silent origins, depending upon defects in yeast checkpoint kinase genes, the homologues of which are mutated in cancer. Implications of an abnormal replication pattern for the epigenetic regulation of gene expression are discussed.
...
PMID:Antitumor drug adozelesin differentially affects active and silent origins of DNA replication in yeast checkpoint kinase mutants. 1132 53

We investigated the mechanisms of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP)-mediated effects on osteogenic cells in primary rat bone marrow cell (BMC) cultures. We first demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry that BMCs express the type I parathyroid hormone/PTHrP receptor. Treatment with PTHrP increased osteogenic cell proliferation as determined by [(3)H]thymidine and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and augmented osteogenic colonies. Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting revealed no direct effect on expression of the osteoblast markers, type I collagen, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin, indicating that PTHrP did not directly stimulate differentiation in this system. PTHrP increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity in BMC and MAPK activity, and PTHrP-induced osteogenic cell proliferation could be blocked by the MEK inhibitor PD-098059. PTHrP also increased Ras activity in BMC. Although wortmannin and H8, inhibitors of phosphoinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase A, respectively, did not block PTHrP-stimulated Ras or MAPK activity, chelerythrin chloride, a known protein kinase C inhibitor, did block these PTHrP actions as well as PTHrP-induced osteogenic cell proliferation. These results demonstrate that PTHrP stimulates osteogenic cell proliferation in rat marrow mesenchymal progenitor cells through protein kinase C-dependent activation of the Ras and MAPK signaling pathway.
...
PMID:Parathyroid hormone-related peptide stimulates osteogenic cell proliferation through protein kinase C activation of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. 1140 23

This study was designed to identify the role of a recently identified Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK)-like kinase (CaMKLK) in neuronal apoptosis. For this purpose, we studied proteolytic cleavage of CaMKLK by caspases in vitro and in neuronal NG108 cells. In addition, we have investigated the effect of overexpression of wild type and mutant CaMKLK proteins on staurosporine- and serum deprivation-induced apoptosis of NG108 cells. We found that CaMKLK is a substrate for caspase-3 and -8, both in vitro and in NG108 cells during staurosporine- and serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis. Substitution of an aspartic acid residue at position 62 in an asparagine residue within a putative caspase cleavage site completely blocked cleavage of CaMKLK, strongly indicating that (59)DEND(62) is the caspase recognition site. Overexpression of an Asp(62) --> Asn CaMKLK mutant protected NG108 cells from staurosporine-induced apoptosis to a similar extent as Bcl-x(L). In contrast, overexpression of wild type CaMKLK did not lead to protection. Moreover, microinjection of Asp(62) --> Asn CaMKLK protected NG108 cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis, while overexpression of a caspase-generated noncatalytic N-terminal CaMKLK fragment exacerbated apoptosis. Together, our data suggest that cleavage of CaMKLK and generation of the noncatalytic N-terminal domain of CaMKLK facilitate neuronal apoptosis.
...
PMID:Caspase-mediated cleavage of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-like kinase facilitates neuronal apoptosis. 1147 89

Neuronal Cdc2-like kinase (Nclk) plays an important role in a variety of cellular processes, including neuronal cell differentiation, apoptosis, neuron migration, and formation of neuromuscular junction. The active kinase consists of a catalytic subunit, Cdk5, and an essential regulatory subunit, neuronal Cdk5 activator (p35(nck5a) or p25(nck5a)), which is expressed primarily in neurons of central nervous tissue. In our previous study using the yeast two-hybrid screening method, three novel p35(nck5a)-associated proteins were isolated. Here we show that one of these proteins, called C42, specifically inhibits the activation of Cdk5 by Nck5a. Co-immunoprecipitation data suggested that C42 and p35(nck5a) could form a complex within cultured mammalian cells. Deletion analysis has mapped the inhibitory domain of C42 to a region of 135 amino acids, which is conserved in Pho81, a yeast protein that inhibits the yeast cyclin-dependent protein kinase Pho85. The Pho85.Pho80 kinase complex has been shown to be the yeast functional homologue of the mammalian Cdk5/p35(nck5a) kinase.
...
PMID:Identification of a neuronal Cdk5 activator-binding protein as Cdk5 inhibitor. 1188 46

Stimulation of T47D cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) results in the activation of the intrinsic tyrosine kinases of the receptor and the phosphorylation of multiple cellular proteins including the receptor, scaffold molecules such as c-Cbl, adapter molecules such as Shc, and the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt. We demonstrate that EGF stimulation of T47D cells results in the activation of the Src protein-tyrosine kinase and that the Src kinase inhibitor PP1 blocks the EGF-induced phosphorylation of c-Cbl but not the activation/phosphorylation of the EGF receptor itself. PP1 also blocks EGF-induced ubiquitination of the EGF receptor, which is presumably mediated by phosphorylated c-Cbl. Src is associated with c-Cbl, and we have previously demonstrated that the Src-like kinase Fyn can phosphorylate c-Cbl at a preferred binding site for the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase. PP1 treatment blocks EGF-induced activation of the anti-apoptotic protein kinase Akt suggesting that Src may regulate activation of Akt, perhaps by a Src --> c-Cbl --> phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase --> Akt pathway.
...
PMID:Inhibition of Src family kinases blocks epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced activation of Akt, phosphorylation of c-Cbl, and ubiquitination of the EGF receptor. 1199 82


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---