Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
 81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interferons exhibit antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. Antiviral effects appear mainly mediated via 2'5' oligoadenylate synthetase and protein kinase proteins which inhibit viral components synthesis. Interferons also influence the immune system through various mechanism among whom an increased expression of HLA class I antigens on hepatocyte plasma membrane and the promotion of natural killer cell activity leading to the clearance of infected hepatocytes. We report the results of various alpha interferon therapeutic regimens in 60 patients with chronic hepatitis C. In our series, 20 patients (33%) achieved a complete response but 78% of them relapsed after therapy withdrawal. Predictors of good response include young age, low serum ALT levels and mild liver injury. On the contrary, cirrhosis is associated with a poorer response.
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PMID:[Chronic viral hepatitis and interferons: preliminary results in 60 patients with chronic hepatitis C and cellular mechanism of action]. 781 Feb 72

Although the involvement of viruses in alterations of testicular function and in sexually transmitted diseases is well known, paradoxically, the testicular antiviral defense system has virtually not been studied. The well known antiviral activity of interferons (IFNs) occurs via the action of several IFN-induced proteins, among which the 2'5' oligoadenylate synthetase (2'5' A synthetase), the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), and the Mx proteins are the best known. To explore the antiviral capacity of the testis and to study the testicular action of IFNs, we looked for the presence and regulation of these three proteins in isolated seminiferous tubule cells, cultured in the presence or in the absence of IFN alpha, IFN gamma, or Sendai virus. In all conditions tested, the meiotic pachytene spermatocytes and the post-meiotic early spermatids lacked 2'5' A synthetase, PKR, and Mx mRNAs and proteins. In contrast, Sertoli cells constitutively expressed these mRNAs and proteins, and their levels were greatly increased after IFN alpha or Sendai virus exposure. While peritubular cells were also able to markedly express 2'5' A synthetase, PKR, and Mx mRNA and proteins after IFN alpha or viral exposure, only PKR was constitutively present in these cells. Interestingly, IFN gamma had no effect on peritubular cells' 2'5' A synthetase and Mx production but it enhanced Mx proteins in Sertoli cells. In conclusion, this study reveals that the seminiferous tubules are particularly well equipped to react to a virus attack. The fact that the two key tubular elements of the blood-testis barrier, namely, Sertoli and peritubular cells, were found to assume this protection allows the extension of the concept of blood-testis barrier to the testicular antiviral defense.
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PMID:The testicular antiviral defense system: localization, expression, and regulation of 2'5' oligoadenylate synthetase, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, and Mx proteins in the rat seminiferous tubule. 936 5

We report an in vitro analysis of the spatial pattern of production of three antiviral proteins (2'5'oligoadenylate synthetase, 2'5'AS; double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, PKR; and Mx protein, Mx) in the rat testis, in basal conditions and following stimulation with interferon (IFN) or Sendai virus. The two major constituents of interstitial tissue--Leydig cells and macrophages--constitutively produce 2'5' oligoadenylate synthetase (2'5'AS), PKR and Mx. Production of an isoform of 2'5'AS was induced following Leydig cells stimulation by the Sendai virus. The most immature germ cells, spermatogonia, were devoid of 2'5'AS whatever the type of stimulation, whereas IFN treatment induced Mx production and increased PKR production in this cell type. IFN stimulation strongly increased PKR production in all three cell types. This new set of data extends our previous investigations and demonstrates that the testis possesses an anti-viral defense system involving IFNs and IFN-induced anti-viral proteins.
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PMID:Production of the antiviral proteins 2'5'oligoadenylate synthetase, PKR and Mx in interstitial cells and spermatogonia. 1289 3

Gene expression patterns supply insight into complex biological networks that provide the organization in which viruses and host cells interact. Measles virus (MV) is an important human pathogen that induces transient immunosuppression followed by life-long immunity in infected individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that initiate the immune response to pathogens and are postulated to play a role in MV-induced immunosuppression. To better understand the interaction of MV with DCs, we examined the gene expression changes that occur over the first 24 h after infection and compared these changes to those induced by other viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. There were 1,553 significantly regulated genes with nearly 60% of them down-regulated. MV-infected DCs up-regulated a core of genes associated with maturation of antigen-presenting function and migration to lymph nodes but also included genes for IFN-regulatory factors 1 and 7, 2'5' oligoadenylate synthetase, Mx, and TNF superfamily proteins 2, 7, 9, and 10 (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand). MV induced genes for IFNs, ILs, chemokines, antiviral proteins, histones, and metallothioneins, many of which were also induced by influenza virus, whereas genes for protein synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation were down-regulated. Unique to MV were the induction of genes for a broad array of IFN-alphas and the failure to up-regulate dsRNA-dependent protein kinase. These results provide a modular view of common and unique DC responses after infection and suggest mechanisms by which MV may modulate the immune response.
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PMID:Gene expression patterns in dendritic cells infected with measles virus compared with other pathogens. 1649 29