Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
 81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An enzymatically active recombinant protein kinase, previously isolated and characterized in Fagus sylvatica L. dormant seeds (FsPK1), was used to obtain a specific polyclonal antibody against this protein. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis of FsPK1 protein in beech seeds showed a strong immunostaining in the nucleus of the cells located in the vascular tissue of the embryonic axis corresponding to the future apical meristem of the root. This protein kinase was found to accumulate in the seeds only when embryo growth was arrested by application of ABA, while the protein amount decreased during stratification, previously proved to alleviate dormancy, and no protein was detected at all when seed germination was induced by addition of GA(3). These results indicate that FsPK1 may be involved in the control of the embryo growth mediated by ABA and GAs during the transition from dormancy to germination in Fagus sylvatica seeds.
J Exp Bot 2006
PMID:Immunolocalization of FsPK1 correlates this abscisic acid-induced protein kinase with germination arrest in Fagus sylvatica L. seeds. 1647 90

Changes in photoassimilate partitioning between source and sink organs significantly affect fruit development and size. In this study, a comparison was made of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown under a low fruit load (one fruit per truss, L1 plants) and under a standard fruit load (five fruits per truss, L5 plants), at morphological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Fruit load reduction resulted in increased photoassimilate availability in the plant and in increased growth rates in all plant organs analysed (root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit). Larger flower and fruit size in L1 plants were correlated with higher cell number in the pre-anthesis ovary. This was probably due to the acceleration of the flower growth rate since other flower developmental parameters (schedule and time-course) remained otherwise unaffected. Using RT-PCR, it was shown that the transcript levels of CYCB2;1 (cyclin) and CDKB2;1 (cyclin-dependent kinase), two mitosis-specific genes, strongly increased early in developing flower buds. Remarkably, the transcript abundance of CYCD3;1, a D-type cyclin potentially involved in cell cycle regulation in response to mitogenic signals, also increased by more than 5-fold at very early stages of L1 flower development. By contrast, transcripts from fw2.2, a putative negative regulator of cell division in tomato fruit, strongly decreased in developing flower bud, as confirmed by in situ hybridization studies. Taken together, these results suggest that changes in carbohydrate partitioning could control fruit size through the regulation of cell proliferation-related genes at very early stages of flower development.
J Exp Bot 2006
PMID:The expression of cell proliferation-related genes in early developing flowers is affected by a fruit load reduction in tomato plants. 1648 16

A few years ago it was demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP are involved in the auxin response during adventitious root (AR) formation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). More recently, a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade was shown to be induced by IAA in a NO-dependent, but cGMP-independent, pathway. In the present study, the involvement of Ca2+ and the regulation of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) activity during IAA- and NO-induced AR formation was evaluated in cucumber explants. The effectiveness of several broad-spectrum Ca2+ channel inhibitors and Ca2+ chelators in affecting AR formation induced by IAA or NO was also examined. Results indicate that the explants response to IAA and NO depends on the availability of both intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ pools. Protein extracts from cucumber hypocotyls were assayed for CDPK activity by using histone IIIS or syntide 2 as substrates for in-gel or in vitro assays, respectively. The activity of a 50 kDa CDPK was detected after 1 d of either NO or IAA treatments and it extended up to the third day of treatment. This CDPK activity was affected in both extracts from NO- and IAA-treated explants in the presence of the specific NO-scavenger cPTIO, suggesting that NO is required for its maximal and sustained activity. The in-gel and the in vitro CDPK activity, as well as the NO- or IAA-induced AR formation, were inhibited by calmodulin antagonists. Furthermore, the induction of CDPK activity by NO and IAA was shown to be reliant on the activity of the enzyme guanylate cyclase.
J Exp Bot 2006
PMID:Calcium and calcium-dependent protein kinases are involved in nitric oxide- and auxin-induced adventitious root formation in cucumber. 1653 62

In 1996, cDNA sequences referred to as plant peroxiredoxins (Prx), i.e. a 1-Cys Prx and a 2-Cys Prx, were reported from barley. Ten years of research have advanced our understanding of plant Prx as thiol-based peroxide reductases with a broad substrate specificity, ranging from hydrogen peroxide to alkyl hydroperoxides and peroxinitrite. Prx have several features in common. (i) They are abundant proteins that are routinely detected in proteomics approaches. (ii) They interact with proteins such as glutaredoxins, thioredoxins, and cyclophilins as reductants, but also non-dithiol-disulphide exchange proteins. By work with transgenic plants, their activity was shown to (iii) affect metabolic integrity, (iv) protect DNA from damage in vitro and as shown here in vivo, and (v) modulate intracellular signalling related to reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. (vi) In all organisms Prx are encoded by small gene families that are of particular complexity in higher plants. A comparison of the Prx gene families in rice and Arabidopsis thaliana supports previous suggestions on Prx function in specific subcellular and metabolic context. (vii) Prx gene expression and activity are subjected to complex regulation realized by an integration of various signalling pathways. 2-Cys Prx expression depends on redox signals, abscisic acid, and protein kinase cascades. Besides these general properties, the chloroplast Prx have acquired specific roles in the context of photosynthesis. The thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase activity can be measured in crude plant extracts and contributes significantly to the overall H(2)O(2) detoxification capacity. Thus organellar Prx proteins enable an alternative water-water cycle for detoxification of photochemically produced H(2)O(2), which acts independently from the ascorbate-dependent Asada-Halliwell-Foyer cycle. 2-Cys Prx and Prx Q associate with thylakoid membrane components. The mitochondrial PrxII F is essential for root growth under stress. Following a more general introduction, the paper summarizes present knowledge on plant organellar Prx, addressing Prx in signalling, and also suggests some lines for future research.
J Exp Bot 2006
PMID:The function of peroxiredoxins in plant organelle redox metabolism. 1660 33

Cross-tolerance is the phenomenon by which a plant resistance to a stress results in resistance to another form of stress. It has previously been shown that salt stress causes the accumulation of proteinase inhibitors and the activation of other wound-related genes in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). However, very little is known about how different stresses interact with one another, and which are the signalling components that interrelate the responses triggered by different stress types. In the present work, it is shown that mechanical wounding increases salt-stress tolerance in tomato plants through a mechanism that involves the signalling peptide systemin and the synthesis of JA. Data are also provided indicating that calmodulin-like activities are necessary for the downstream signalling events that lead to cross-tolerance between wounding and salt stress. Finally, evidence was gathered supporting the hypothesis that LeCDPK1, a Ca2+ -dependent protein kinase from tomato previously described in our laboratory, could participate in this cross-tolerance mechanism interrelating the signalling responses to wounding and salt stress.
J Exp Bot 2006
PMID:Wounding increases salt tolerance in tomato plants: evidence on the participation of calmodulin-like activities in cross-tolerance signalling. 1676 97

It was reported recently that the plastid-located glutamine synthetase (GS2) from Medicago truncatula is regulated by phosphorylation catalysed by a calcium-dependent protein kinase and 14-3-3 interaction. Here it is shown that the two cytosolic GS isoenzymes, GS1a and GS1b, are also regulated by phosphorylation but, in contrast to GS2, GS1 phosphorylation is catalysed by calcium-independent kinase(s) and the phosphorylated enzymes fail to interact with 14-3-3s. Phosphorylation of GS1a occurs at more than one residue and was found to increase the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate glutamate. In vitro phosphorylation assays were used to compare the activity of GS kinase, present in different plant organs, against the three M. truncatula GS isoenzymes. All three GS proteins were phosphorylated by kinases present in leaves, roots, and nodules, but to different extents, suggesting a differential regulation under different metabolic contexts. Cytosolic GS phosphorylation was found to be affected by light in leaves and by active nitrogen fixation in root nodules, whereas GS2 phosphorylation was unaffected by these conditions. Some putative GS-binding phosphoproteins were identified showing both isoenzyme and organ specificity. Two phosphoproteins of 70 and 72 kDa were specifically bound to the cytosolic GS isoenzymes. Interestingly, phosphorylation of these proteins was also influenced by the nitrogen-fixing status of the nodule, suggesting that their phosphorylation and/or binding to GS are related to nitrogen fixation. Taken together, the results presented indicate that GS phosphorylation is modulated by nitrogen fixation in root nodules; these findings open up new possibilities to explore the involvement of this post-translational mechanism in nodule functioning.
J Exp Bot 2006
PMID:Post-translational regulation of cytosolic glutamine synthetase of Medicago truncatula. 1683 48

SPICK2, a homologue of the weakly-inward-rectifying Shaker-like Arabidopsis K channel, AKT2, is a candidate K+-influx channel participating in light- and clock-regulated leaf movements of the legume, Samanea saman. Light and the biological clock regulate the in situ K+-influx channel activity differentially in extensor and flexor halves of the pulvinus (the S. saman leaf motor organ), and also-though differently-the transcript level of SPICK2 in the pulvinus. This disparity between the in situ channel activity versus its candidate transcript, along with the sequence analysis of SPICK2, suggest an in situ regulation of the activity of SPICK2, possibly by phosphorylation and/or by interaction with cAMP. Consistent with this (i) the activity of the voltage-dependent K+-selective fraction of the inward current in extensor and flexor cells was affected differentially in whole-cell patch-clamp assays promoting phosphorylation (using the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid); (ii) several proteins in isolated plasma membrane-enriched vesicles of the motor cells underwent phosphorylation without an added kinase in conditions similar to patch-clamp; and (iii) the SPICK2 protein was phosphorylated in vitro by the catalytic subunit of the broad-range cAMP-dependent protein kinase. All of these results are consistent with the notion that SPICK2 is the K+-influx channel, and is regulated in vivo directly by phosphorylation.
J Exp Bot 2006
PMID:Phosphorylation of SPICK2, an AKT2 channel homologue from Samanea motor cells. 1696 80

In mammalian cells, MAPKs are involved in both stress response (JNK and p38 pathways) and cell proliferation and differentiation [extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)] through protein kinase cascades. Exposure of Dunaliella viridis cell cultures to PD98059, a very specific inhibitor of the ERK signalling pathway, resulted in a total arrest of cell proliferation and a complete dephosphorylation of ERK. As shown by flow cytometry analysis of propidium iodide-stained cells, PD98059 stopped mitosis at the G(2) phase after the S phase has been completed. Multiple physiological parameters such as cell motility and reducing power generation (NADPH) clearly indicate that the treated cells are wholly viable. Exposure of D. viridis to environmental stresses that impair cell division, such as hyperosmotic shock, nitrogen starvation, or sublethal UV irradiation, caused a marked decrease in the phospho-ERK levels as detected by western blot. Two 400 bp polynucleotides from D. viridis with high homologies to published sequences of ERK1 and ERK2 were cloned, sequenced, and submitted to GenBank. Northern blot analysis revealed two mRNA bands of approximately 1.9 kb, consistent with the expected size of ERK proteins ( approximately 40 kDa). Sequence analysis showed that they contained several mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) conserved domains, including II, III, VIb, VII, and the double phosphorylation motif. Interestingly, in D. viridis, this motif was T*DY* instead of the canonic T*EY*. Based on this finding, ERK plant sequences can be divided into two groups, one termed the T*DY* branch and the other termed the T*EY* branch. The molecular and functional data presented here suggest that ERK is a very ancient signalling pathway and that it was already present in the last common ancestor of all eukaryotic cells.
J Exp Bot 2007
PMID:Cell division in the unicellular microalga Dunaliella viridis depends on phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). 1722 May 13

Plant growth is severely affected by toxic concentrations of heavy metals. On characterizing the heavy metal-induced signalling pathways, the effects of cadmium (CdCl2) and copper (CuCl2) on MBP (myelin basic protein) kinase activities in Oryza sativa L. cv. TNG67 were analysed and it was found that Cd2+-induced 42 kDa MBP kinase has the characteristics of a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. This study confirmed that the 42 kDa kinase-active band contains, at least, the activities of OsMPK3 and OsMPK6. Then, the heavy metal signal transduction pathways leading to MAP kinase activation in rice roots were examined. Pretreatment with sodium benzoate, a hydroxyl radical scavenger, attenuated Cd2+- or Cu2+-induced MAP kinase activation. The Cd2+-, but not Cu2+-, induced MAP kinase activities were suppressed by diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, and Cd2+ induced NADPH oxidase-like activities, suggesting that NADPH oxidases may be involved in Cd2+-induced MAP kinase activation. Using a Ca2+ indicator, it was demonstrated that Cd2+ and Cu2+ induce Ca2+ accumulation in rice roots. The Cd2+- and Cu2+-induced MAP kinase activation required the involvement of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase) as shown by the inhibitory effect of a CDPK antagonist, W7, and a PI3 kinase inhibitor, wortmannin, respectively. Furthermore, bongkrekic acid (BK), a mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening blocker, suppressed Cd2+-, but not Cu2+-, induced MAP kinase activation, indicating that Cd2+-induced MAP kinase activities are dependent on the functional state of mitochondria. Collectively, these findings imply that Cd2+ and Cu2+ may induce MAP kinase activation through distinct signalling pathways. Moreover, it was found that the 42 kDa MAP kinase activities are higher in Cd-tolerant cultivars than in Cd-sensitive cultivars. Therefore, the Cd-induced 42 kDa MAP kinase activation may confer Cd tolerance in rice plants.
J Exp Bot 2007
PMID:Distinct signalling pathways for induction of MAP kinase activities by cadmium and copper in rice roots. 1725 46

The relationship between nitric oxide (NO) and salicylic acid (SA) was investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here it is shown that SA is able to induce NO synthesis in a dose-dependent manner in Arabidopsis. NO production was detected by confocal microscopic analysis and spectrofluorometric assay in plant roots and cultured cells. To identify the metabolic pathways involved in SA-induced NO synthesis, genetic and pharmacological approaches were adopted. The analysis of the nia1,nia2 mutant showed that nitrate reductase activity was not required for SA-induced NO production. Experiments performed in the presence of a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor suggested the involvement of NOS-like enzyme activity in this metabolic pathway. Moreover, the production of NO by SA treatment of Atnos1 mutant plants was strongly reduced compared with wild-type plants. Components of the SA signalling pathway giving rise to NO production were identified, and both calcium and casein kinase 2 (CK2) were demonstrated to be involved. Taken together, these results suggest that SA induces NO production at least in part through the activity of a NOS-like enzyme and that calcium and CK2 activity are essential components of the signalling cascade.
J Exp Bot 2007
PMID:Salicylic acid activates nitric oxide synthesis in Arabidopsis. 1731 74


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