Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cell surface integrin receptors and Rho family GTPases function together to mediate adhesion-dependent events in cells. We have shown that the attachment of Swiss 3T3 cells to a cellulose substratum (Cuprophan, CU) activates adenylyl cyclase, which catalyses cyclic AMP (cAMP) production. CU adsorbs vitronectin poorly, prevents cell spreading and causes cells to aggregate. By contrast, spread cells on polystyrene (PS) contain low cAMP concentrations. We have now investigated the shift between integrin signalling-Rho A and the cAMP pathway. CU did not support the formation of focal contacts and stress fibres. The plasma membranes of cells on CU had less Rho A than those of cells on PS. Also, blocking vitronectin (VN) or fibronectin (FN)-integrin receptors with echistatin, which activates cAMP production, decreased Rho A in the plasma membrane of cells attached to PS. But adsorption of VN or FN onto CU, which limits the production of the cAMP, increased the cell membrane Rho A. Adding an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase PKA to the medium also increased the plasma membrane Rho A in aggregated cells attached to CU. These results highlight the importance of cAMP, generated by cell attachment to substratum, as a gating element in integrin-Rho A signalling.
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PMID:Cyclic AMP--dependent aggregation of Swiss 3T3 cells on a cellulose substratum (Cuprophan) and decreased cell membrane Rho A. 1201 76

Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor I (COUP-TFI) is an orphan member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that comprises key regulators of many biological functions, such as embryonic development, metabolism, homeostasis, and reproduction. Although COUP-TFI can both actively silence gene transcription and antagonize the functions of various other nuclear receptors, the COUP-TFI orphan receptor also acts as a transcriptional activator in certain contexts. Moreover, COUP-TFI has recently been shown to serve as an accessory factor for some ligand-bound nuclear receptors, suggesting that it may modulate, both negatively and positively, a wide range of hormonal responses. In the absence of any identified cognate ligand, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of COUP-TFI activity remain unclear. The elucidation of several putative phosphorylation sites for MAPKs, PKC, and casein kinase II within the sequence of this orphan receptor led us to investigate phosphorylation events regulating the various COUP-TFI functions. After showing that COUP-TFI is phosphorylated in vivo, we provide evidence that in vivo inhibition of either MAPK or PKC signaling pathway leads to a specific and pronounced decrease in COUP-TFI-dependent transcriptional activation of the vitronectin gene promoter. Focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying the MAPK- and PKC-mediated regulation of COUP-TFI activity, we show that COUP-TFI can be directly targeted by PKC and MAPK. These phosphorylation events differentially modulate COUP-TFI functions: PKC-mediated phosphorylation enhances COUP-TFI affinity for DNA and MAPK-mediated phosphorylation positively regulates the transactivation function of COUP-TFI, possibly through enhancing specific coactivator recruitment. These data provide evidence that COUP-TFI is likely to integrate distinct signaling pathways and raise the possibility that multiple extracellular signals influence biological processes controlled by COUP-TFI.
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PMID:Multiple phosphorylation events control chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor I orphan nuclear receptor activity. 1204 19

Skeletal homeostasis is partly regulated by the mechanical environment and specific signals generated by a cell's adhesion to the matrix. Previous studies demonstrated that osteopontin (OPN) expression is stimulated in response to both cellular adhesion and mechanical stimulation. The present studies examine if specific integrin ligands mediate osteoblast selective adhesion and whether opn mRNA expression is induced in response to these same ligands. Embryonic chicken calvaria osteoblastic cells were plated on bacteriological dishes coated with fibronectin (FN), collagen type I (Col1), denatured collagen/gelatin (G), OPN, vitronectin (VN), laminin (LN) or albumin (BSA). Osteoblastic cells were shown to selectively adhere to FN, Col1, G and LN, yet not to VN, OPN or BSA. Opn mRNA expression was induced by adhesion to Col1, FN, LN and G, but neither OPN nor VN induced this expression. Examination of the activation of the protein kinases A and C second signaling systems showed that only adhesion to FN induced protein kinase A and protein kinase C (PKC) activity while adherence to Col1 induced PKC. Evaluation of the intracellular distribution of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and p-tyrosine within cells after adherence to FN, VN or BSA demonstrated that adherence to FN stimulated FAK translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and high levels of p-tyrosine localization at the cell surface. However, cell adherence to VN or BSA did not show these morphological changes. These data illustrate that osteoblast selective adhesion is mediated by specific integrin ligands, and induction of intracellular second signal kinase activity is related to the nature of the ligand.
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PMID:Selective adhesion of osteoblastic cells to different integrin ligands induces osteopontin gene expression. 1285 34

Ptr ToxA was the first proteinaceous necrosis-inducing toxin identified and cloned from the wheat pathogen, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. How this protein causes necrosis in sensitive wheat cultivars is not known. In an effort to understand the structural features of Ptr ToxA required for induction of necrosis, we employed a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and peptide inhibition studies. Mutagenesis was carried out on conserved motifs within the active domain of Ptr ToxA. Proteins with mutations of potential casein kinase 2 phosphorylation sites but not protein kinase C phosphorylation sites have significantly reduced activity. Additionally, mutations in a region with high homology to amino acids surrounding and including the RGD cell attachment motif of vitronectin result in proteins with significantly less activity than Ptr ToxA. The importance of the vitronectin-like motif was confirmed by a decrease of Ptr ToxA-induced activity when coinfiltrated with peptides corresponding to amino acids within this motif. Reduction in Ptr ToxA activity by competition with mutant proteins demonstrates the necessity of multiple motifs for Ptr ToxA activity.
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PMID:Ptr ToxA requires multiple motifs for complete activity. 1514 53

Regulation, recognition and cell signaling involve the coordinated actions of many players. To achieve this coordination, each participant must have a valid identification (ID) that is easily recognized by the others. For proteins, these IDs are often within intrinsically disordered (also ID) regions. The functions of a set of well-characterized ID regions from a diversity of proteins are presented herein to support this view. These examples include both more recently described signaling proteins, such as p53, alpha-synuclein, HMGA, the Rieske protein, estrogen receptor alpha, chaperones, GCN4, Arf, Hdm2, FlgM, measles virus nucleoprotein, RNase E, glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, p21(Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1), caldesmon, calmodulin, BRCA1 and several other intriguing proteins, as well as historical prototypes for signaling, regulation, control and molecular recognition, such as the lac repressor, the voltage gated potassium channel, RNA polymerase and the S15 peptide associating with the RNA polymerase S-protein. The frequent occurrence and the common use of ID regions in important protein functions raise the possibility that the relationship between amino acid sequence, disordered ensemble and function might be the dominant paradigm for the molecular recognition that serves as the basis for signaling and regulation by protein molecules.
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PMID:Showing your ID: intrinsic disorder as an ID for recognition, regulation and cell signaling. 1609 5

Abundance of calcitonin (CT) and calcitonin receptor (CTR) mRNA in primary prostate tumors positively correlates with tumor grade, and exogenously added CT increases the invasion of prostate cancer cell lines. We examined acute and chronic actions of CT on migration of highly metastatic PC-3M cells and poorly invasive LNCaP cells on several extracellular matrices in a spheroid disaggregation/migration assay. While PC-3M spheroids displayed maximum disaggregation/migration on vitronectin (VN), LNCaP spheroids preferred collagen but also migrated significantly on VN. Up-regulation of CT significantly enhanced disaggregation/migration of PC-3M spheroids on VN, but not on fibronectin. In contrast, down-regulation of CT, CTR, protein kinase A or urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) led to amelioration of PC-3M spheroid disaggregation/migration. CT selectively increased surface activity of alpha v beta 3 or alpha 6 beta 5 integrins in PC-3M and LNCaP cell lines, respectively, and uPAR-integrin association. Finally, either CT or urokinase could completely restore migration of CT-knock-down PC-3M spheroids. But, only forced expression of urokinase receptor coupled with exogenous addition of urokinase restored migration of CTR-knock-down spheroids. These results support our hypothesis that up-regulation of CT biosynthesis and activation of CT-CTR axis in primary prostate tumors may have direct relevance in their progression to the metastatic phenotype.
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PMID:Calcitonin receptor-stimulated migration of prostate cancer cells is mediated by urokinase receptor-integrin signaling. 1748 56

Cellular adhesion to extracellular matrix is a central phenomenon for the maintenance of tissue integrity and cellular movement. Collectively, these processes are regulated by a fine-tuned balance between the formation and loosening of adhesive contacts, a process involving integrins, and the elevation and diminution of cytoplasmic signalling molecules. We demonstrate that prostaglandin (PG) F(2alpha) stimulation rapidly increases the capacity of Ishikawa cells stably expressing the F-prostanoid receptor (FPS) to adhere to vitronectin. Coincident with this elevation in matrix adhesion, we demonstrate a profound PGF(2alpha)-induced alteration in cytoskeletal remodelling, characterized by polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton and recruitment of focal adhesion kinase at focal adhesions and enhanced cell migration. Moreover, we show that these PGF(2alpha)-induced alterations in adhesion and morphology on vitronectin and migration could be abolished by cultivating FPS cells in the presence of integrin alphavbeta3 antibody or alphavbeta3-directed tetrapeptide arg-gly-asp-ser or inhibition of FP receptor signalling with the FP receptor antagonist, chemical disruptors of the phospholipase C-beta, protein kinase A, c-Src and epidermal growth factor receptor kinase pathways or inhibition of the monomeric G proteins Rho, Rac and CDC42. These results reveal a mechanism by which prostanoids regulate cell movement, which may be relevant to pathologies of the endometrium.
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PMID:F-prostanoid receptor alters adhesion, morphology and migration of endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. 1796 20

Myocilin is a gene linked to the most common form of glaucoma, a major blinding disease. The trabecular meshwork (TM), a specialized eye tissue, is believed to be involved, at least in part, in the development of glaucoma. The myocilin expression is known to be up-regulated by glucocorticoids in TM cells, and an altered myocilin level may be the culprit in conditions such as corticosteroid glaucoma. Wild type myocilin, when transfected into cultured human TM cells, induced a dramatic loss of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions. Myocilin transfectants displayed a heightened sensitivity to trypsin. Adhesion to fibronectin, collagens, and vitronectin was compromised. The fibronectin deposition and the levels of fibronectin protein and mRNA were also reduced in myocilin transfectants. The fibronectin deposition could be restored by treatment with lysophosphatidic acid, a Rho stimulator. Assays further revealed that upon myocilin overexpression, the activity of RhoA was diminished, whereas the cAMP level and the protein kinase A (PKA) activity were augmented. Myocilin protein did not affect actin polymerization. The collapse of actin stress fibers and increased trypsin sensitivity from myocilin transfection could be reverted by co-expression of constitutively active RhoA or by treatment with PKA inhibitor H-89. The PKA activity, however, was not modified by co-expression of either constitutively active or dominant negative RhoA. These results demonstrate that myocilin has a de-adhesive activity and triggers signaling events. cAMP/PKA activation and the downstream Rho inhibition are possible mechanisms by which myocilin in overabundance may lead to TM cell or tissue damage.
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PMID:Rho GTPase and cAMP/protein kinase A signaling mediates myocilin-induced alterations in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. 1798 96

Ganglioside GD1a has been reported to suppress metastasis [S. Hyuga, S. Yamagata, Y. Takatsu, M. Hyuga, H. Nakanishi, K. Furukawa, T. Yamagata, Suppression of FBJ-LL cell adhesion to vitronectin by ganglioside GD1a and loss of metastatic capacity, International J. Cancer. 83 (1999) 685-691.] and MMP-9 production in mouse osteosarcoma FBJ cells [D. Hu, Z. Man, P. Wang, X. Tan, X. Wang, S. Takaku, S. Hyuga, T. Sato, X. Yao, S. Yamagata, T. Yamagata, Ganglioside GD1a negatively regulates MMP9 expression in mouse FBJ cell lines at the transcriptional level, Connect. Tissue Res. 48 (2007) 198-205.]. In the present study, TNFalpha increased cell motility and MMP-9 and TNFalpha expression at the transcriptional level. TNFalpha expression was found to be inversely proportional to GD1a content in the FBJ-cell variants. The addition of exogenous GD1a to FBJ-LL cells suppressed TNFalpha expression, and treatment of FBJ-S1 cells with D-PDMP (glucosylceramide synthesis inhibitor) led to an increase in TNFalpha, indicating that TNFalpha is negatively regulated by GD1a in FBJ cells. SiRNA of Pkn1, a Rho-GTPase effecter protein kinase, suppressed TNFalpha levels as well as Pkn1 expression, suggesting that Pkn1 is involved in TNFalpha signaling. Treatment of Pkn1-silenced FBJ-LL cells with GD1a failed to suppress TNFalpha expression, demonstrating that GD1a signals that lead to TNFalpha suppression are transduced through Pkn1.
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PMID:Ganglioside GD1a suppresses TNFalpha expression via Pkn1 at the transcriptional level in mouse osteosarcoma-derived FBJ cells. 1843 13

Melanoma is one of the most therapy-resistant cancers. Activating mutations in BRAF and NRAS are the source of extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway activation. We show that melanoma cell lines, originating in different metastatic sites, with BRAF or NRAS mutations, in addition to active mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-ERK, also have highly activated stress activated protein kinase (SAPK)-p38. This is in direct contrast to carcinoma cells in which the activity of the two kinases appears to be mutually exclusive; high level of p38 activity inhibits, through a negative feedback, ERK activity and prevents tumorigenesis. Melanomas are insensitive to ERK inhibition by p38 and utilize p38-signaling pathway for migration and growth in vivo. We found a positive functional loop linking the high ERK activity to surface expression of alphaVbeta3-integrin. This integrin, by interacting with vitronectin, induces p38 activity and increases IL-8 production, enhancing cell migration. Because the negative loop from p38 to ERK is lost, the two kinases can remain simultaneously activated. Inhibition of ERK and p38 activities is more effective in blocking in vivo growth than inhibition of each kinase individually. Future therapies might have to consider targeting of both pathways.
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PMID:Positive crosstalk between ERK and p38 in melanoma stimulates migration and in vivo proliferation. 1898 37


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