Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Upon induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), neonatal ventricular myocytes (VMs) mainly synthesize prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The biological effects of PGE2 are mediated through four different G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes (EP(1-4)). We have previously shown that PGE2 stimulates cAMP production and induces hypertrophy of VMs. Because the EP4 receptor is coupled to adenylate cyclase and increases in cAMP, we hypothesized that PGE2 induces hypertrophic growth of cardiac myocytes through a signaling cascade that involves EP4-cAMP and activation of protein kinase A (PKA). To test this, we used primary cultures of VMs and measured [3H]leucine incorporation into total protein. An EP4 antagonist was able to partially block PGE2 induction of protein synthesis and prevent PGE2-dependent increases in cell surface area and activity of the atrial natriuretic factor promoter, which are two other indicators of hypertrophic growth. Surprisingly, a PKA inhibitor had no effect. In other cell types, G protein-coupled receptor activation has been shown to transactivate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and result in p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and cell growth. Immunoprecipitation of myocyte lysates demonstrated that the EGFR was rapidly phosphorylated by PGE2 in VMs, and the EP4 antagonist blocked this. In addition, the selective EGFR inhibitor AG-1478 completely blocked PGE2-induced protein synthesis. We also found that PGE2 rapidly phosphorylated p42/44 MAPK, which was inhibited by the EP4 antagonist and by AG-1478. Finally, the p42/44 MAPK inhibitor PD-98053 (25 micromol/l) blocked PGE2-induced protein synthesis. Altogether, we believe these are the first data to suggest that PGE2 induces protein synthesis in cardiac myocytes in part via activation of the EP4 receptor and subsequent activation of p42/44 MAPK. Activation of p42/44 MAPK is independent of the common cAMP-PKA pathway and involves EP4-dependent transactivation of EGFR.
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PMID:PGE2-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes involves EP4 receptor-dependent activation of p42/44 MAPK and EGFR transactivation. 1562 89

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synergistically enhances the receptor activator for NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastic differentiation of the precursor cells. Here we investigated the mechanisms of the stimulatory effect of PGE2 on osteoclast differentiation. PGE2 enhanced osteoclastic differentiation of RAW264.7 cells in the presence of RANKL through EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors. RANKL-induced degradation of I kappa B alpha and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in RAW264.7 cells were up-regulated by PGE2 in a cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner, suggesting that EP2 and EP4 signals cross-talk with RANK signals. Transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), an important MAPK kinase kinase in several cytokine signals, possesses a PKA recognition site at amino acids 409-412. PKA directly phosphorylated TAK1 in RAW264.7 cells transfected with wild-type TAK1 but not with the Ser412 --> Ala mutant TAK1. Ser412 --> Ala TAK1 served as a dominant-negative mutant in PKA-enhanced degradation of I kappa B alpha, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, and PGE2-enhanced osteoclastic differentiation in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, forskolin enhanced tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced I kappa B alpha degradation, p38 MAPK phosphorylation, and osteoclastic differentiation in RAW264.7 cells. Ser412 --> Ala TAK1 abolished the stimulatory effects of forskolin on those cellular events induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Ser412 --> Ala TAK1 also inhibited the forskolin-induced up-regulation of interleukin 6 production in RAW264.7 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide. These results suggest that the phosphorylation of the Ser412 residue in TAK1 by PKA is essential for cAMP/PKA-induced up-regulation of osteoclastic differentiation and cytokine production in the precursor cells.
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PMID:Prostaglandin E2 enhances osteoclastic differentiation of precursor cells through protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation of TAK1. 1564 89

Major trauma such as severe bums and extensive surgery could result in accelerated macrophage differentiation and hyperactivation causing an excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) with consequent severe impairment of immunologic reactivity. HL-60 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) have been used as a model to asses the PGE2 role in the macrophage differentiation observed after major trauma. Cell adhesion, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production were measured after 24 h of PMA treatment in the presence of PGE2 (1 nM - 1 microM). PGE2 increased both the PMA-induced cell adhesion and MMP-9 production via EP2/EP4 receptors while it had no effect on the induced TNF-alpha release. The cAMP/PKA pathway, usually linked to EP2/EP4 activation, was not involved in the phenomenon, suggesting that an alternative signalling pathway could be linked to a PKC-activated enzyme. In fact PGE2 activity was partially inhibited by Wortmannin, a phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K) inhibitor indicating that PGE2 act as a co-factor able to increase macrophage differentiation in vitro via a PI-3K dependent pathway that could be also involved in the immunosuppression observed in the aftermath of trauma.
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PMID:Effect of prostaglandin E2 on PMA-induced macrophage differentiation. 1578 12

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) are major inflammatory mediators that play important roles in pain sensation and hyperalgesia. The role of their receptors (EP and IP, respectively) in inflammation has been well documented, although the EP receptor subtypes involved in this process and the underlying cellular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The capsaicin receptor TRPV1 is a nonselective cation channel expressed in sensory neurons and activated by various noxious stimuli. TRPV1 has been reported to be critical for inflammatory pain mediated through PKA- and PKC-dependent pathways. PGE2 or PGI2increased or sensitized TRPV1 responses through EP1 or IP receptors, respectively predominantly in a PKC-dependent manner in both HEK293 cells expressing TRPV1 and mouse DRG neurons. In the presence of PGE2 or PGI2, the temperature threshold for TRPV1 activation was reduced below 35 degrees C, so that temperatures near body temperature are sufficient to activate TRPV1. A PKA-dependent pathway was also involved in the potentiation of TRPV1 through EP4 and IP receptors upon exposure to PGE2 and PGI2, respectively. Both PGE2-induced thermal hyperalgesia and inflammatory nociceptive responses were diminished in TRPV1-deficient mice and EP1-deficient mice. IP receptor involvement was also demonstrated using TRPV1-deficient mice and IP-deficient mice. Thus, the potentiation or sensitization of TRPV1 activity through EP1 or IP activation might be one important mechanism underlying the peripheral nociceptive actions of PGE2 or PGI2.
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PMID:Sensitization of TRPV1 by EP1 and IP reveals peripheral nociceptive mechanism of prostaglandins. 1581 89

1 The aim of the present study was to investigate which EP receptor subtypes (EP1-EP4) act predominantly on the modification of the tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ current (I(NaR)) in acutely isolated neonatal rat nodose ganglion (NG) neurones. 2 Of the four EP receptor agonists ranging from 0.01 to 10 muM, the EP2 receptor agonist (ONO-AE1-259, 0.1-10 microM) and the EP4 receptor agonist (ONO-AE1-329, 1 microM) significantly increased peak I(NaR). The responses were associated with a hyperpolarizing shift in the activation curve. 3 Neither the EP1 receptor agonist ONO-DI-004 nor the EP3 receptor agonist ONO-AE-248 significantly modified the properties of I(NaR). 4 In PGE2 applications ranging from 0.01 to 10 microM, 1 microM PGE2 produced a maximal increase in the peak I(NaR) amplitude. The PGE2 (1 microM)-induced increase in the GV(1/2) baseline (% change in G at baseline V(1/2)) was significantly attenuated by either intracellular application of the PKA inhibitor PKI or extracellular application of the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine (1 microM). However, the slope factor k was not significantly altered by PGE2 applications at 0.01-10 microM. In addition, the hyperpolarizing shift of V(1/2) by PGE2 was not significantly altered by either PKI or staurosporine. 5 In other series of experiments, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of mRNA from nodose ganglia indicated that all four EP receptors were present. 6 The NG contained many neuronal cell bodies (diameter <30 microm) with intense or moderate EP2, EP3, and EP4 receptor-immunoreactivities. 7 These results suggest that the PGE2-induced modification of I(NaR) is mainly mediated by activation of both EP2 and EP4 receptors.
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PMID:Prostaglandin E2-induced modification of tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ currents involves activation of both EP2 and EP4 receptors in neonatal rat nodose ganglion neurones. 1582 55

Here we tested the effect of interleukin-1beta, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, on cAMP accumulation and chloride efflux in Calu-3 airway epithelial cells in response to ligands binding to adenylyl cyclase-coupled receptors such as the beta2 adrenoreceptor and EP prostanoid receptors. Interleukin-1beta significantly increased isoprenaline-induced cAMP accumulation by increasing beta2 adrenoreceptor numbers via a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism. In contrast, interleukin-1beta significantly impaired prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP accumulation by induction of cyclo-oxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 production, and a resulting down-regulation of adenylyl cyclase. The cAMP changes were all mirrored by alterations in chloride efflux assessed using the fluorescent chloride probe N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide with interleukin-1beta increasing chloride efflux in response to isoprenaline and reducing the response to prostaglandin E2. Studies with glibenclamide confirmed that chloride efflux was via the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Calu-3 expresses EP4 receptors, but not EP2, and receptor expression is reduced by interleukin-1beta. Collectively, these results provide mechanistic insight into how interleukin-1beta can differentially regulate cAMP generation and chloride efflux in response to different adenylyl cyclase-coupled ligands in the same cell. These findings have important implications for diseases involving inflammation and abnormal ion flux such as cystic fibrosis.
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PMID:Interleukin-1beta differentially regulates beta2 adrenoreceptor and prostaglandin E2-mediated cAMP accumulation and chloride efflux from Calu-3 bronchial epithelial cells. Role of receptor changes, adenylyl cyclase, cyclo-oxygenase 2, and protein kinase A. 1583 37

The mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain caused by nerve injury are not well understood. Inflammatory responses in injured nerves are likely to be key contributing factors in the generation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is up-regulated in invading macrophages and has been implicated in the development of neuropathic pain. We previously demonstrated that invading macrophages up-regulate cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors EP1 and EP4, suggesting that PGE2 may affect macrophage function via autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. This study was undertaken to determine whether PGE2 is involved in the up-regulation of IL-6 in invading macrophages. Two weeks following partial sciatic nerve ligation, numerous IL-6 immunoreactive (IR) cell profiles were present in injured nerves. Colocalization of IL-6 with the invading macrophage marker ED1 or with COX2 was frequently observed. IL-6-IR, COX2-IR and ED1-IR cells were present only in cultures derived from injured nerve segments. PGE2 and IL-6 release from cultured cells derived from injured nerves was increased significantly compared with uninjured nerves. Non-selective and selective COX2 inhibitors suppressed PGE2 and IL-6 release. Treatment with PGE2 further enhanced IL-6 release in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. A selective EP4 receptor antagonist L-161982 was able to suppress IL-6 release, whereas an EP1 receptor antagonist, SC19220, was ineffective. Moreover, a protein kinase C inhibitor, calphostin C, dramatically suppressed IL-6 release, whereas a protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 and a Ca2+ chelator EGTA failed. Taken together, our data suggest that PGE2 is involved in mediating the up-regulation of IL-6 occurring in invading macrophages. This action is mediated through an EP4 receptor and the protein kinase C signaling pathway.
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PMID:Up-regulation of interleukin-6 induced by prostaglandin E from invading macrophages following nerve injury: an in vivo and in vitro study. 1583 25

The EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors whose activation by their endogenous ligand, prostaglandin (PG) E2, stimulates the formation of intracellular cAMP. We have previously reported that the stimulation of cAMP formation in EP4-expressing cells is significantly less than in EP2-expressing cells, despite nearly identical levels of receptor expression (J Biol Chem 277:2614-2619, 2002). In addition, a component of EP4 receptor signaling, but not of EP2 receptor signaling, was found to involve the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). In this study, we report that PGE2 stimulation of cells expressing either the EP2 or EP4 receptor results in the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) at serine-133. Pretreatment of cells with N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinoline (H-89), an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA), attenuated the PGE2-mediated phosphorylation of CREB in EP2-expressing cells, but not in EP4-expressing cells. Pretreatment of cells with wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI3K, had no effects on the PGE2-mediated phosphorylation of CREB in either EP2- or EP4-expressing cells, although it significantly increased the PGE2-mediated activation of PKA in EP4-expressing cells. However, combined pretreatment with H-89 and wortmannin blocked PGE2-mediated phosphorylation in EP2-expressing cells as well as in EP2-expressing cells. PGE2-mediated intracellular cAMP formation was not affected by pretreatment with wortmannin, or combined treatment with wortmannin and H-89, in either the EP2- or EP4-expressing cells. These findings suggest that PGE2 stimulation of EP4 receptors, but not EP2 receptors, results in the activation of a PI3K signaling pathway that inhibits the activity of PKA and that the PGE2-mediated phosphorylation of CREB by these receptors occurs through different signaling pathways
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PMID:Differential regulation of phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein after activation of EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors by prostaglandin E2. 1585 7

PGE(2) and PGI(2) stimulate renin secretion and cAMP accumulation in juxtaglomerular granular (JG) cells. We addressed, at the single-cell level, the receptor subtypes and intracellular transduction mechanisms involved. Patch clamp was used to determine cell capacitance (C(m)), current, and membrane voltage in response to PGE(2), EP2 and EP4 receptor agonists, and an IP receptor agonist. PGE(2) (0.1 micromol/l) increased C(m) significantly, and the increase was abolished by intracellular application of the protein kinase A antagonist Rp-8-CPT-cAMPS. EP2-selective ligands butaprost (1 micromol/l), AE1-259-01 (1 nmol/l), EP4-selective agonist AE1-329 (1 nmol/l), and IP agonist iloprost (1 micromol/l) significantly increased C(m) mediated by PKA. The EP4 antagonist AE3-208 (10 nmol/l) blocked the effect of EP4 agonist but did not alter the response to PGE(2). Application of both EP4 antagonist and EP2-antagonist AH-6809 abolished the effects of PGE(2) on C(m) and current. EP2 and EP4 ligands stimulated cAMP formation in JG cells. PGE(2) rapidly stimulated renin secretion from superfused JG cells and diminished the membrane-adjacent granule pool as determined by confocal microscopy. The membrane potential hyperpolarized significantly after PGE(2), butaprost, AE1-329 and AE1-259 and outward current was augmented in a PKA-dependent fashion. PGE(2)-stimulated outward current, but not C(m) change, was abolished by the BK(Ca) channel inhibitor iberiotoxin (300 nmol/l). EP2 and EP4 mRNA was detected in sampled JG cells, and the preglomerular and glomerular vasculature was immunopositive for EP4. Thus IP, EP2, and EP4 receptors are associated with JG cells, and their activation leads to rapid PKA-mediated exocytotic fusion and release of renin granules.
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PMID:Prostaglandin E2 EP2 and EP4 receptor activation mediates cAMP-dependent hyperpolarization and exocytosis of renin in juxtaglomerular cells. 1598 51

Decreased phagocytotic ability of macrophages has been reported to be associated with the severity of endometriosis, although the underlying mechanism remains uncharacterized. Expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 by macrophages is a means to degrade the extracellular matrix of cells that are designated for phagocytosis. Here, we describe the regulation of MMP-9 expression and activity in peritoneal macrophages of women with endometriosis. Results demonstrated that peritoneal macrophages isolated from women with endometriosis have decreased levels of protein and enzyme activity of MMP-9. Treatment of macrophages with peritoneal fluid obtained from patients with severe endometriosis inhibited MMP-9 expression and gelatinase activity. Further investigation identified prostaglandin (PG) E(2) as the major factor in the peritoneal fluid that inhibited MMP-9 activity. The inhibitory effect of PGE(2) was mediated via the EP2/EP4-dependent PKA pathway. Furthermore, expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, and RECK in macrophages was not affected by treatment with PGE(2), indicating the effect of PGE(2) on suppressing MMP-9 activity was not mediated by up-regulation of its inhibitor. Our results suggest that decreased phagocytotic capability of peritoneal macrophage in patients with endometriosis may be caused by PGE(2)-mediated decreases in MMP-9 expression.
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PMID:Suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by prostaglandin E(2) in peritoneal macrophage is associated with severity of endometriosis. 1619 41


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