Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The interferon-inducible double-stranded (ds) RNA-activated protein kinase (p68 kinase) is a physiologically important enzyme that regulates the rate of cellular and viral protein synthesis by phosphorylating and thereby inactivating the peptide chain initiation factor 2. We have generated a cDNA clone of the human p68 kinase by polymerase chain reaction cloning using the recently published sequence of this enzyme. Active enzyme was synthesized by in vitro transcription-translation of the cDNA clone. This system was used for mapping the dsRNA-binding domain of the enzyme. Progressive deletions from the carboxyl terminus were introduced by digesting the cDNA with suitable restriction enzymes. Expression of proteins harboring deletions from the amino terminus was achieved by cloning DNA fragments into appropriately constructed expression vectors. Affinity of the truncated proteins for dsRNA was examined by testing their capacity to bind to dsRNA-agarose beads. Our results demonstrated that the dsRNA-binding domain lies at the amino terminus of the protein. A truncated protein containing the first 170 amino acid residues from the amino terminus could bind to dsRNA. However, deletion of 34 residues from the amino terminus or 41 residues from the carboxyl terminus of this truncated protein eliminated its dsRNA-binding activity. Comparison of the primary structure and the secondary structure of this region of p68 kinase and the corresponding region of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase revealed no apparent similarity.
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PMID:Identification of the double-stranded RNA-binding domain of the human interferon-inducible protein kinase. 137 35

The work described in this report suggests the existence of two biochemically distinguishable forms of the interferon-inducible, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase. Kinase isolated from the cytosolic fraction (S-100) and the ribosome salt wash fraction of interferon-treated cells differed in their chromatographic properties. S-100 kinase eluted from a gel filtration column with M(r) = 140,000-160,000 and was predominantly anionic in nature, whereas ribosomal kinase eluted with M(r) = 66,000 and was predominantly cationic in nature. Purified preparations of S-100 kinase contained the M(r) = 66,000 subunit, P1, as the only polypeptide present in stoichiometric amounts, and thus the S-100 kinase appears to be a dimer of P1 subunits. Dimerization of the S-100 kinase was dependent on the phosphorylation state of the enzyme. Kinase isolated from S-100 was partially phosphorylated. Dephosphorylation of the S-100 kinase by treatment with alkaline phosphatase resulted in a monomeric form of the enzyme with biochemical characteristics similar to that of the ribosome salt wash kinase.
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PMID:Cytosolic double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase is likely a dimer of partially phosphorylated Mr = 66,000 subunits. 137 30

Every step in the replication cycle of HIV provides unique opportunities for controlling the progression of AIDS. In this regard, virus protein synthesis should be an important target for limiting HIV multiplication in cells. Molecular mechanisms in the regulation of HIV protein synthesis were therefore investigated in the context of interferon action. The interferon-inducible enzymes, 2-5A synthetase and dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, which can inhibit translation were activated by HIV-1 leader RNA. In cell-free systems, leader RNA and Tat protein of HIV inhibited and enhanced translation, respectively. An intriguing interplay of these viral and host factors were shown to influence the rate of translation in vitro. A model describing opposing actions of HIV Tat protein and interferon in HIV replication is represented.
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PMID:Translational regulation by HIV leader RNA, TAT, and interferon-inducible enzymes. 170 18

The accompanying paper [McNurlan & Clemens (1986) Biochem. J. 237, 871-876] shows that the inhibition of proliferation of Daudi cells by human interferons is associated with impairment of the overall rate of protein synthesis. We have examined whether two of the mechanisms which are believed to control translation in interferon-treated virus-infected cells may be responsible for the inhibition of protein synthesis during the antiproliferative response in these uninfected cells. Although the rate of polypeptide chain initiation is lower in interferon-treated Daudi cells, as indicated by the disaggregation of polysomes, there is no significant inhibition of activity of initiation factor eIF-2 or of [40 S . Met-tRNAf] initiation complex formation in cell extracts. The phosphorylation state of the alpha subunit of eIF-2 remains unaltered. There is no major decrease in mRNA content as a proportion of total RNA up to 4 days of interferon treatment, as judged by poly(A) content, although the amount of total mRNA/10(6) cells eventually declines. The mRNA present in extracts from interferon-treated cells remains translatable when added to an mRNA-dependent reticulocyte lysate system. We conclude that neither the interferon-inducible eIF-2 protein kinase pathway nor the 2',5'-oligo(adenylate)-ribonuclease L pathway are responsible for the inhibition of polypeptide chain initiation. Rather, the data suggest impairment at the level of formation of [80 S ribosome X mRNA] initiation complexes.
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PMID:Inhibition of polypeptide chain initiation in Daudi cells by interferons. Evidence that activity of initiation factor eIF-2 and availability of mRNA are unimpaired. 243 77

Transcription of several interferon-inducible human genes is also induced by double-stranded RNA. The nature and the mechanism of action of signals generated by interferons and by double-stranded RNA which mediate the induction of these genes are under investigation. Here we report that 2-aminopurine, a known inhibitor of protein kinases, could selectively block this induction process. Induction of mRNAs 561 and 6-16 in HeLaM cells by double-stranded RNA was completely inhibited by 10 mM 2-aminopurine, whereas cellular protein and RNA syntheses as well as the induction of metallothionein mRNA by CdCl2 were unaffected by this inhibitor. In addition, 2-aminopurine blocked the induction of the same two mRNAs and of mRNAs 2-5(A) synthetase, 2A, and 1-8 by alpha interferon and of mRNAs 2A and 1-8 by gamma interferon in HeLaM cells. The observed inhibition was at the level of transcription, and for establishing efficient inhibition, the 2-aminopurine treatment had to begin at early stages of interferon treatment. In GM2767 cells, 2-aminopurine inhibited induction of mRNAs 561 and 6-16 by double-stranded RNA but not by alpha interferon. These results suggest that double-stranded RNA-induced signal 2 is distinct from the interferon-alpha-induced signal 2 (R. K. Tiwari, J. Kusari, and G. C. Sen, EMBO J. 6:3373-3378, 1987) and that 2-aminopurine can block the former but not the latter. Moreover, it appeared that 2-aminopurine could block the production of signal 1 by interferons. This was confirmed by experiments in which we separately tested the effects of 2-aminopurine on signal 1 and signal 2 production by interferons in HeLaM cells. Although no direct experimental evidence is available as yet, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the functioning of a protein kinase activity may be necessary for transcriptional induction of genes by double-stranded RNA and for gene induction by interferons in those cells in which signal 1 production is needed.
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PMID:Gene induction by interferons and double-stranded RNA: selective inhibition by 2-aminopurine. 246 Jul 41

The intracellular effector oligonucleotides ppp(A2'p)nA (n = 2- greater than or equal to 4) regulate the breakdown of RNA by activating ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent RNase. Cellular levels of this RNase were demonstrated to be regulated during differentiation of murine embryonal carcinoma cells. An induction of this RNase by interferon was demonstrated in each of three differentiated cell types (F9 clone 9, PYS, and PSA 5E) by analyzing rRNA breakdown following the introduction of ppp(A2'p)nA into the intact cells. In contrast, in three undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cell lines (F9, PC13 clone 5, and Nulli 2A) there was little if any ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent RNase either with or without interferon pretreatment. These results were confirmed by affinity labeling of the RNase in cell-free systems. Addition of the proteinase inhibitor, leupeptin, to the cell lysis buffer was necessary to stabilize the RNase against cleavage to discrete breakdown products. Moreover, during differentiation of PC13 clone 5 cells by retinoic acid and N6,O2'-dibutyryl-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate there was a gradual induction of ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent RNase. The expression of this RNase is, therefore, greatly enhanced during cell differentiation. In addition, the double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase was investigated and was found to be interferon-inducible in all of the cell lines regardless of the state of cell differentiation.
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PMID:Regulation of ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent RNase levels during interferon treatment and cell differentiation. 257 57

Activation of the interferon-inducible, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase was monitored in monolayer cultures of control and interferon-treated HeLa cells infected with encephalomyocarditis virus. The extent of phosphorylation in the intact cell of the alpha-subunit of eucaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor eIF2 by the kinase was determined for the first time in this type of system, using a two-dimensional immunoblot technique. Virus protein synthesis and the kinetics of activation of the ppp(A2'p)nA (n greater than or equal to 2) system were analyzed in parallel. Enhanced phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha was obvious at 9 h and increased by 12 h postinfection. ppp(A2'p)nA and ppp(A2'p)nA-mediated rRNA cleavage were observed from 6 h. No viral protein synthesis was detected in cells in which a general inhibition of protein synthesis developed with time. It can be concluded that both the kinase and ppp(A2'p)nA system are active in interferon-treated, encephalomyocarditis virus-infected HeLa cells.
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PMID:Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase and 2-5A system are both activated in interferon-treated, encephalomyocarditis virus-infected HeLa cells. 258 50

A purine analogue, 2-aminopurine, reported to act as an inhibitor of protein kinase, selectively, reversibly and in a dose-dependent manner blocked a very early stage in interferon induction. With chick embryo cells and mouse L cells as hosts, and different viral inducers of interferon, maximal effects of 2-aminopurine were observed during the first 4 h of induction. At 10 mM-2-aminopurine there was a 20-fold reduction in the yield of interferon from both cell types. 2-Aminopurine and actinomycin D both prevented interferon induction with the same time course, indicating a transcriptional block to induction; however, only the action of the former was reversed upon removal of the drug. Addition of 2-aminopurine to an agarose overlay resulted in high efficiency plaque formation by vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey (Hazelhurst) under conditions where endogenous induction of interferon and its feedback action on aged chick embryo cells normally prevented plaque formation. Two other inducible systems, representing genes involved in interferon action (both its development and activation), and those of heat shock, were not affected by 2-aminopurine. A model is presented implicating the interferon-inducible dsRNA-dependent protein kinase as an interferon induction receptor which, on interaction with dsRNA, generates an amplified signal via phosphorylation that ultimately derepresses the interferon gene(s).
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PMID:Interferon induction by viruses. XVI. 2-Aminopurine blocks selectively and reversibly an early stage in interferon induction. 339 21

Infectious leukemia virus production by two chronically infected NIH/MOL lines was strongly inhibited by interferon treatment of the cells. The corresponding degree of inhibition in JLSV-11 cells was much lower. Multiplication of encephalomyocarditis virus in all three cell lines was barely affected by interferon treatment. Replication of vesicular stomatitis virus, on the other hand, was highly sensitive to interferon in the JLSV-11 line and in one NIH/MOL line but was practically insensitive in the other NIH/MOL line. Anticellular actions of interferon were more pronounced in the JLSV-11 line than in the others. In response to interferon treatment, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity was induced to a high level in JLSV-11 cells and to lower levels in the NIH/MOL lines. We failed to detect any 2',5'-oligoadenylate-dependent endonuclease activity in extracts of these cells. Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activity was present in extracts of interferon-treated NIH/MOL cells, but it was barely detectable in extracts of interferon-treated JLSV-11 cells. The above studies demonstrated that interferon could differentially affect the replication of three different viruses in three different cell lines, including two seemingly identical NIH/MOL lines, and that certain tentative conclusions can be drawn regarding the roles of different interferon-inducible enzyme markers in the different antiviral actions of interferons.
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PMID:Differential antiviral effects of interferon in three murine cell lines. 618 40

The interferon-inducible, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase which phosphorylates an endogenous HeLa 69 kilodalton polypeptide or exogenous initiation factor eIF2 was inhibited during vaccinia virus infection. High interferon doses (20,000 reference units per ml) did not prevent this inhibition. The inhibition required protein synthesis but not viral DNA synthesis during infection, suggesting that an early vaccinia virus gene function was responsible. An active dsRNA-dependent protein kinase could be recovered from an inactive extract by purification on polyinosinate X polycytidylate-cellulose. An inhibitor of the protein kinase, therefore, must be present in the inactive extract. Similar results have been obtained with mouse L929 cells. At early time points of infection, the protein kinase in cell extracts required exogenous dsRNA for activity. This argues against endogenous viral dsRNA and activation of the kinase in the intact cell. At late time points of infection (when vaccinia virus dsRNA was almost certainly formed), the inhibitor of the kinase is present. Accordingly, it seems unlikely that the kinase played any role in the interferon-mediated inhibition of virus growth observed in these cells under these particular conditions.
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PMID:Interferon-mediated, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase is inhibited in extracts from vaccinia virus-infected cells. 669 45


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