Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

ABSTRACT The role of riboflavin as an elicitor of systemic resistance and an activator of a novel signaling process in plants was demonstrated. Following treatment with riboflavin, Arabidopsis thaliana developed systemic resistance to Peronospora parasitica and Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato, and tobacco developed systemic resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Alternaria alternata. Riboflavin, at concentrations necessary for resistance induction, did not cause cell death in plants or directly affect growth of the culturable pathogens. Riboflavin induced expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes in the plants, suggesting its ability to trigger a signal transduction pathway that leads to systemic resistance. Both the protein kinase inhibitor K252a and mutation in the NIM1/NPR1 gene which controls transcription of defense genes, impaired responsiveness to riboflavin. In contrast, riboflavin induced resistance and PR gene expression in NahG plants, which fail to accumulate salicylic acid (SA). Thus, riboflavin-induced resistance requires protein kinase signaling mechanisms and a functional NIM1/NPR1 gene, but not accumulation of SA. Riboflavin is an elicitor of systemic resistance, and it triggers resistance signal transduction in a distinct manner.
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PMID:Riboflavin induces disease resistance in plants by activating a novel signal transduction pathway. 1894

The lack of availability of sources of resistance against Alternaria brassicicola within the family Brassicaceae has made oilseed mustard plants a target for one of the most damaging and widespread fungal diseases, Alternaria black spot. Of the other non-host-resistant/tolerant plants, Sinapis alba, white mustard, is considered to be the most important apart from Arabidopsis. To understand the defence response of S. alba upon incompatible interaction with this pathogen, a functional genomic approach using cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism was performed. The highly reproducible bands, found to be either more amplified or uniquely present in infected S. alba plants compared with non-infected plants, were further subjected to comparative reverse Northern analysis in the incompatible white mustard (S. alba) and compatible India mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants. The suppression of 46% of the genes in the compatible background indicates the possibility of effective and specific recognition of Alternaria in S. alba. Analysis of the 118 genes up-regulated specifically in infected S. alba compared with B. juncea showed that 98 genes have similarity to proteins such as receptor-like protein kinase genes, genes involved with calcium-mediated signalling and salicylic acid-dependent genes as well as other genes of known function in Arabidopsis. The apparent expression profile data were further confirmed for selected genes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Classification of these genes on the basis of their induction pattern in Arabidopsis indicates that the expression profile of several of these genes was distinct in S. alba compared with B. juncea.
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PMID:Differential profiling of selected defence-related genes induced on challenge with Alternaria brassicicola in resistant white mustard and their comparative expression pattern in susceptible India mustard. 1901 5

Salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) are activated by Manduca sexta attack and elicitors to mediate defense signaling in Nicotiana attenuata. Here, the ecological consequences of SIPK and WIPK silencing for N. attenuata's resistance to M. sexta and its other native herbivores were analyzed. Stably transformed plants with reduced expression of NaSIPK (irNaSIPK) and NaWIPK(irNaWIPK) were generated and characterized in field and glasshouse experiments. Both irNaSIPK and irNaWIPK plants had reduced direct and indirect defenses but were not particularly susceptible in nature. In the glasshouse, M. sexta larvae consumed less and gained the same mass on irNaSIPK and irNaWIPK as on wild-type (WT) plants. Green leaf volatile (GLV) emission was highly attenuated in irNaSIPK and irNaWIPK plants, and complementation with synthetic GLVs increased M. sexta performance. To test the hypothesis that reduced GLV emissions account for the lack of herbivory phenotype, GLV emissions were attenuated by silencing NaHPL in jasmonate-deficient plants (asNaLOX3), which are highly susceptible to herbivores. Reducing GLV emissions in asNaLOX3 plants 'rescued' these plants from being heavily damaged by M. sexta. GLV emissions in irNaSIPK and irNaWIPK plants may compensate for the impaired defenses of NaSIPK- and NaWIPK-silenced plants in nature by reducing their apparency to herbivores.
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PMID:Silencing two herbivory-activated MAP kinases, SIPK and WIPK, does not increase Nicotiana attenuata's susceptibility to herbivores in the glasshouse and in nature. 1907 22

Expression of NtNEK2(DD), a constitutively active mutant of NtMEK2, activates endogenous salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wounding-induced protein kinase (WIPK), and leads to several stress/defense responses in tobacco. In this study, we used ACP (annealing control primer)-based differential display reverse transcription-PCR to isolate the downstream effectors mediated by the NtMEK2-SIPK/WIPK cascade. The arginine decarboxylase gene (ADC), which is involved in plant putrescine biosynthesis, was one of nine differentially expressed genes. When compared with NtMEK2(KR) plants, NtMEK2(DD) transgenic plants exhibited a significant increase in ADC and ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) transcript levels, as well as in putrescine and its catabolite, gamma-aminobutyric acid, following SIPK/WIPK activation. Taken together, these results suggest that the NtMEK2-SIPK/WIPK cascade is involved in regulating polyamine synthesis, especially putrescine synthesis, through transcriptional regulation of the biosynthetic genes in tobacco.
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PMID:Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in the signaling for polyamine biosynthesis in tobacco. 1915 Oct 70

Protein kinases play crucial roles in response to external environment stress signals. A putative protein kinase, W55a, belonging to SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) subfamily, was isolated from a cDNA library of drought-treated wheat seedlings. The entire length of W55a was obtained using rapid amplification of 5' cDNA ends (5'-RACE) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). It contains a 1,029 -bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 342 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of W55a had eleven conserved catalytic subdomains and one Ser/Thr protein kinase active-site that characterize Ser/Thr protein kinases. Phylogenetic analysis showed that W55a was 90.38% homologous with rice SAPK1, a member of the SnRK2 family. Using nullisomic-tetrasomic and ditelocentric lines of Chinese Spring, W55a was located on chromosome 2BS. Expression pattern analysis revealed that W55a was upregulated by drought and salt, exogenous abscisic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene and methyl jasmonate, but was not responsive to cold stress. In addition, W55a transcripts were abundant in leaves, but not in roots or stems, under environmental stresses. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing W55a exhibited higher tolerance to drought. Based on these findings, W55a encodes a novel dehydration-responsive protein kinase that is involved in multiple stress signal transductions.
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PMID:W55a encodes a novel protein kinase that is involved in multiple stress responses. 1916 95

A potato gene, StLRPK1 (Solanum tuberosum L. leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like protein kinases 1), encoding a protein belonging to leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) was identified. It encodes 796 amino acids with 88% of identity to SRF3 of Arabidopsis thaliana and contains a signal peptide, five LRR motifs, a transmembrane domain, two proline-rich regions and a serine/threonine protein kinase domain. The transcripts were present at high levels in flowers and young leaves, while low in other tested organs. The mRNA of StLRPK1 was inducible in potato leaves by Phytophthora infestans, a pathogen causing late blight disease, and showed different profiles after treatment with salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, ethylene, abscissic acid, wounding, 40 degrees C, 4 degrees C and a salinity stress. The results suggest that StLRPK1 may participate in the responses against environmental stresses and disease resistance in potato.
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PMID:A novel leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase gene in potato, StLRPK1, is involved in response to diverse stresses. 1921 76

Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential regulatory molecule in plant immunity in synergy with reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, little is known about the role of NO in disease resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. NO and oxidative bursts were induced during necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and Nicotiana benthamiana compatible interaction. Histochemical analyses showed that both NO and ROS were produced in adjacent cells of invaded areas in N. benthamiana leaves. Activation of salicylic acid-induced protein kinase, which regulates the radical burst, and several defense-related genes were induced after inoculation of B. cinerea. Loss-of-function analyses using inhibitors and virus-induced gene silencing were done to investigate the role of the radical burst in pathogenesis. We showed that NO plays a pivotal role in basal defense against B. cinerea and PR-1 gene expression in N. benthamiana. By contrast, ROS function has a negative role in resistance or has a positive role in expansion of disease lesions during B. cinerea-N. benthamiana interaction.
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PMID:Nitric oxide as a partner of reactive oxygen species participates in disease resistance to nectrotophic pathogen Botryis cinerea in Nicotiana benthamiana. 2044 55

Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are endogenous elicitors of defense responses released after partial degradation of pectin in the plant cell wall. Despite OGs cannot be considered true pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as Flg22, they can be considered host-associated molecular patterns that are generated by the host cell during the infection process, and that stimulate the plant innate immune system. We have previously shown that, in Arabidopsis, OGs increase resistance to Botrytis cinerea independently of jasmonate, salicylic acid and ethylene. Recently, we demonstrated that, in Arabidopsis, OGs elicit a robust extracellular oxidative burst that is generated through the NADPH-oxidase AtrbohD. Moreover, we showed that this burst is dispensable either for early expression of OG-induced marker genes or for OG-induced resistance to B. cinerea. Similarly to Flg22, stimulation with OGs leads to the phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinase 3 and 6, suggesting that, even though different elicitors are perceived by distinct receptors, the signalling pathways mediated by these molecules converge very early and lead to the stimulation of the innate immune system.
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PMID:Host-derived signals activate plant innate immunity. 1879 Sep 95

Kinetic studies of protein dephosphorylation in thylakoid membranes showed that the minor light-harvesting antenna protein CP29 could be phosphorylated in barley (C3) and maize (C4) seedlings, but not in spinach under water [Liu, W. J., et al. (2009) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1787, 1238-1245], salt, or cold stress [Pursiheimo, S., et al. (2003) Plant Cell Environ. 26, 1995-2003], suggesting that phosphorylation of CP29 is a general phenomenon in monocots, but not in dicots under environmental stresses. Abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), NO, and the scavenger of H(2)O(2) had weak effects on CP29 phosphorylation. However, three protein kinase inhibitors, U0126, W7, and K252a (for mitogen-activated protein kinase, Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase, and Ser/Thr protein kinases, respectively), decrease the level of CP29 phosphorylation in barley apparently under environmental stresses. Therefore, these three protein kinases are involved in CP29 phosphorylation. We also found that most CP29 phosphorylation was accompanied by its lateral migration from granum membranes to stroma-exposed thylakoid regions, and the instability of PSII supercomplexes and LHCII trimers under environmental stresses.
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PMID:Phosphorylation of photosynthetic antenna protein CP29 and photosystem II structure changes in monocotyledonous plants under environmental stresses. 1976 73

RING (really interesting new gene)-H2 domain-containing proteins are widely represented in plants and play important roles in the regulation of many developmental processes as well as in plant-environment interactions. In the present report, experiments were performed to unravel the role of the poplar gene PtaRHE1, coding for a RING-H2 protein. In vitro ubiquitination assays indicate a functional E3 ligase activity for PtaRHE1 with the specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5a. The overexpression of PtaRHE1 in tobacco resulted in a pleiotropic phenotype characterized by a curling of the leaves, the formation of necrotic lesions on leaf blades, growth retardation, and a delay in floral transition. The plant gene expression response to PtaRHE1 overexpression provided evidence for the up-regulation of defence- and/or programmed cell death-related genes. Moreover, genes coding for WRKY transcription factors as well as for mitogen-activated protein kinases, such as wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK), were also found to be induced in the transgenic lines as compared with the wild type. In addition, histochemical beta-glucuronidase staining showed that the PtaRHE1 promoter is induced by plant pathogens and by elicitors such as salicylic acid and cellulase. Taken together, these results suggest that the E3 ligase PtaRHE1 plays a role in the ubiquitination-mediated regulation of defence response, possibly by acting upstream of WIPK and/or in the activation of WRKY factors.
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PMID:Ectopic expression of PtaRHE1, encoding a poplar RING-H2 protein with E3 ligase activity, alters plant development and induces defence-related responses. 1989 45


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