Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Analogs of a synthetic heptapeptide substrate corresponding to the sequence around a phosphorylation site in histone H2B were used to assess the substrate specificity of cGMP-dependent protein kinase. cGMP-dependent kinase phosphorylated the oligopeptide Arg-Lys-Arg-Ser32-Arg-Lys-Glu with favorable kinetic parameters as compared to those for cAMP-dependent kinase (Glass, D. B., and Krebs, E. G. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 9728-9738). The contribution of each amino acid to the ability of the peptide to be phosphorylated by cGMP-dependent or cAMP-dependent kinase was studied by replacement of individual residues and evaluation of the kinetic constants of the substituted peptides. Peptides containing acetylated lysine residues or nitroarginine residues were poor substrates for both kinases. Substitution of either arginine 29 or lysine 30 with alanine increased the Km values and decreased the Vmax values for both kinases. Substitution of lysine 34 with alanine increased the Vmax values for both kinases but did not affect the Km values for either enzyme. Substitution of the phosphorylatable serine with a threonine residue greatly depressed the Vmax for both kinases. Peptides in which arginine 31 or arginine 33 were replaced by an alanine residue revealed several apparent differences in the specificity requirements between cGMP-dependent and cAMP-dependent kinases.
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PMID:Phosphorylation by guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase of synthetic peptide analogs of a site phosphorylated in histone H2B. 627 76

We recently described a method for the purification of a protein kinase related to pp60src from Rous sarcoma virus-induced rat tumors (Blithe, D. L., Richert, N. D., and Pastan, I. H. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 7135-7142). In this report, we describe some of the properties of the 7200-fold purified enzyme. The purified kinase phosphorylates casein, vinculin, actin, and histone H2B, but not bovine serum albumin or ovalbumin. Protein substrates are phosphorylated exclusively on tyrosine residues. Casein was used as a substrate for more detailed analysis. The phosphorylation reaction proceeds at a linear rate for at least 40 min at 22 degrees C. Maximum enzyme activity occurs at pH 6.5 to pH 6.8 and requires the presence of either Mg2+ (5 to 10 mM) or Mn2+ (1 to 5 mM). The Km for ATP is 30 microM and the Vmax 0.03 mumol/min/mg using 0.4 mg/ml of casein as a substrate. The enzyme utilizes ATP or dATP, but not GTP as a phosphate donor in the reaction. The enzyme is inhibited by adenosine and deoxyadenosine and by their corresponding mono- and diphosphates. No inhibition of enzyme activity is observed with adenine, GTP, UTP, TTP, or CTP. The enzyme is very sensitive to increased ionic strength. Addition of 0.1 M KCl, 0.1 M NaCl, 50 mM KPO4, or 50 mM NaPO4 inhibited casein phosphorylation by 90 to 95%. Analysis of the products of the phosphorylation reaction by thin layer chromatography revealed that the src kinase phosphorylates glycerol in addition to casein or the enzyme itself.
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PMID:Properties of the src kinase purified from Rous sarcoma virus-induced rat tumors. 628 33

The insulin receptor purified from human placenta by sequential affinity chromatography on wheat germ agglutinin- and insulin-Sepharose to near homogeneity retained tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity. This purified insulin receptor kinase specifically catalyzed the incorporation of 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP into not only the beta-subunit of the insulin receptor but also histone H2B, a synthetic peptide which is sequentially similar to the site of tyrosine phosphorylation in pp60src (a gene product of the Rous sarcoma virus) and antibodies to pp60src present in the sera obtained from three rabbits bearing tumors induced by the Rous sarcoma virus. In each case, phosphorylation occurred exclusively on tyrosine residues. Insulin stimulated phosphorylation of these substrates 3- to 5-fold. Kinetic analysis using the synthetic peptide indicated that insulin acted by increasing the Vmax of peptide phosphorylation from about 3.1 to 9.5 nmol X mg-1 of protein X min-1, whereas the value of the Km for the peptide, about 1.5 mM, was not significantly changed. This kinase acted weakly on casein, alpha-S-casein, actin, and a tyrosine-containing peptide analogue of a serine-containing peptide used commonly as a substrate for the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases. These data show that the insulin receptor kinase displays specificity toward exogenous substrates similar to the substrate specificity observed for pp60src and the protein kinase activity associated with the receptor for epidermal growth factor. The data suggest that the catalytic sites of these three tyrosine kinases are similar and that insulin activates its receptor kinase by increasing the Vmax.
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PMID:Characterization of the insulin receptor kinase purified from human placental membranes. 630 26

cAMP-dependent protein kinase has been purified to homogeneity from adult bodies of Drosophila melanogaster. It is tetrameric in structure with two regulatory and two catalytic subunits that dissociate when activated by cAMP. The regulatory subunit exists in phospho and dephospho forms, which have electrophoretic mobilities in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels corresponding to Mr = 58,000 and 52,000, respectively. The catalytic subunit has a molecular weight of 40,000. The holoenzyme has a Stokes radius of 4.7 nm. The Km for activation by cAMP is substrate-dependent with Km values of 20 nM with histone H2B and 100 nM with the peptide, Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly. These physical and kinetic properties are very similar to those of the bovine heart Type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase. A Drosophila Type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase was also found in larval stages and during the first half of pupation but was absent in embryos and adults. The fly Type II enzyme was present in all developmental stages. Three regions of the Drosophila genome were found which, when present in three copies, significantly alter the specific activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. These are located at 29F-33F (30% increase), 46A-50C (17% increase), and 66B-67D (16% decrease).
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PMID:Drosophila cAMP-dependent protein kinase. 643 41

A novel method for rapidly determining the amount and degree of association-dissociation of the Type I and Type II cAMP-dependent protein kinases has been developed and validated. Antibodies directed against the regulatory subunits of Type I and Type II cAMP-dependent protein kinases were used. The antibodies formed complexes with holoenzymes and regulatory subunits which were precipitated by goat anti-rabbit IgG (immunoglobulin G). These complexes bound [3H]cAMP with an apparent Kb of 20 nM for protein kinase I and 80 nM for protein kinase II. Immunoprecipitated protein kinases I and II were catalytically active when incubated with cAMP, [gamma-32P]ATP, and histone H2B. When mixtures of the two kinase isoenzymes or cytosol were incubated with various amounts of [3H]cAMP and the isoenzymes were separated by precipitation with antisera specific for each isoenzyme, the amount of [3H]cAMP associated with immunoprecipitates was proportional to the concentration of [3H]cAMP. In contrast, the catalytic activity that was immunoprecipitated varied inversely with the concentration of [3H]cAMP, showing that the activation of protein kinase could be assessed by the disappearance of catalytic activity from the immunoprecipitates. In the absence of MgATP protein kinase I was activated by a 10-fold lower concentration of cAMP than protein kinase II. However, when MgATP was added to the incubation, there was no significant difference in the binding of [3H]cAMP or dissociation of catalytic subunits of the two isoenzymes. The anti-R antibodies were also used to rapidly quantitate the concentration of regulatory subunits and the relative ratio of protein kinases I and II in tissue cytosols.
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PMID:Activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase isoenzymes: studies using specific antisera. 660 25

The peptide Arg-Lys-Arg-Ala-Arg-Lys-Glu was synthesized and tested as an inhibitor of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. This synthetic peptide is a non-phosphorylatable analogue of a substrate peptide corresponding to a phosphorylation site (serine-32) in histone H2B. The peptide was a competitive inhibitor of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase with respect to synthetic peptide substrates, with a Ki value of 86 microM. However, it did not inhibit phosphorylation of intact histones by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase under any conditions tested. Arg-Lys-Arg-Ala-Arg-Lys-Glu competitively inhibited the phosphorylation of either peptides or histones by the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, with similar Ki values (550 microM) for both of these substrates. The peptide Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ala-Leu-Gly, which was previously reported to be a selective inhibitor of both peptide and histone phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, was a poor inhibitor of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase acting on peptide substrates (Ki = 800 microM), but did not inhibit phosphorylation of histones by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. The selectivity of these synthetic peptide inhibitors toward either cyclic GMP-dependent or cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases is probably based on differences in the determinants of substrate specificity recognized by these two enzymes. It is concluded that histones interact differently with cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase from the way they do with the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.
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PMID:Differential responses of cyclic GMP-dependent and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases to synthetic peptide inhibitors. 661 18

The majority of cellular responses to changing environmental conditions is regulated by protein kinases. Spermatozoa have many special properties, including motility with demonstrated chemotaxis, the ability to undergo capacitation, and the acrosome reaction, which are in part controlled by extracellular signals and in which sperm kinases are considered to be involved. We have previously reported that there is a protein kinase activity, which phosphorylates the synthetic substrate poly-(Glu, Tyr) with a Km value of 2.3 microM, and is inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin, in the protein extract from boar spermatozoa (Berruti and Porzio, 1992: Biochim Biophys Acta 1118:149-154). Now we have demonstrated that the enzyme is cytosolic, is active as a monomer of M(r) 42,000, is stimulated by Mg2+ > Mn2+ but not by Ca2+, is renaturable, and can phosphorylate native protein substrates such as microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and histone H2B both on the tyrosine and serine residues. N-terminal sequence analysis suggests that it is a novel protein. These new findings imply that the boar sperm 42 kD kinase may be a novel member of the emerging class of dual-specificity protein kinases, and they raise the intriguing question of its function in the protein kinase network mediating signal transduction in mammalian spermatozoa.
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PMID:Biochemical characterization of the boar sperm 42 kilodalton protein tyrosine kinase: its potential for tyrosine as well as serine phosphorylation towards microtubule-associated protein 2 and histone H 2B. 798 Sep 47

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) binds two distinct cell surface receptors designated p60 and p80. Our previous studies indicate that a protein kinase from U-937 cells binds to and phosphorylates the p60 receptor. While the p80 receptor is phosphorylated in vivo, no association of a protein kinase has been described. We employed a fusion protein comprising of glutathione S-transferase and the cytoplasmic domain of the p80 receptor (GST-p80CD) to identify cellular proteins that might associate with this receptor. From 35S- and 32P-labeled cells, a protein of 59 kDa bound specifically to GST-p80CD. In vitro kinase reactions indicated that serine/threonine protein kinase activity associated with GST-p80CD and causes its phosphorylation. Additionally, a 59-kDa phosphoprotein was also identified after kinase reactions of proteins bound to GST-p80CD. This kinase activity required either Mg2+ or Mn2+ for optimal activity, and it phosphorylated myelin basic protein, histone H2B, and also the cytoplasmic domain of the p60 receptor. Treatment of cells with TNF increased the p80 receptor-associated kinase activity by 200%. In summary, our results provide evidence of a novel ligand-activated serine/threonine protein kinase that associates with the cytoplasmic domain of the p80 receptor and causes the phosphorylation of both forms of the TNF receptor. This p80 TNF receptor-associated protein and the associated kinase described here are referred to as p80-TRAP and p80-TRAK, respectively.
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PMID:Physical and functional association of a serine-threonine protein kinase to the cytoplasmic domain of the p80 form of the human tumor necrosis factor receptor in human histiocytic lymphoma U-937 cells. 805 Oct 45

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been shown to bind two distinct receptors, designated p60 and p80, with high affinity, resulting, within minutes, in phosphorylation of several proteins. The receptors themselves do not exhibit protein kinase activity nor have any associated proteins been identified. We employed the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein system consisting of the cytoplasmic domain of p60 (GST-p60CD delta 1) as a probe to help us identify receptor-associated proteins from human histiocytic lymphoma U-937 cells. We found that a protein of approximately 52 kDa (pp52) bound to GST-p60CD delta 1 from [35S]methionine- and 32P-labeled cells. The associated protein was phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. Furthermore, we identified serine/threonine kinase activity associated with p60CD delta 1 that required either Mn2+ or Mg2+ for optimal activity. The preferred substrates for this kinase, in addition to p60CD delta 1, included casein and histone H1, but not histone H2B, myelin basic protein, enolase, or the cytoplasmic domain of p80. As was the case in U-937 cells, p60CD delta 1-associated kinase activity was also identified in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells and human foreskin fibroblasts. TNF stimulation of MCF-7 and foreskin fibroblasts for 5-15 min induced approximately 50 and 240% increases in phosphorylation of p60CD delta 1, respectively. Thus, our results provide the first evidence for protein kinase activity that is specifically associated with the cytoplasmic domain of the p60 form of the TNF receptor and causes its phosphorylation. This p60 TNF receptor-associated protein and the associated kinase described here are referred to as p60-TRAP and p60-TRAK, respectively.
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PMID:Identification of a protein kinase associated with the cytoplasmic domain of the p60 tumor necrosis factor receptor. 805 Nov 24

The protein encoded by the Drosophila cGMP-dependent protein kinase gene, DG1, was expressed in Sf9 cells. cGMP (10 microM) stimulated histone H2B phosphorylation by the DG1 protein kinase 20-fold. Maximal activity was observed at 40-50 mM Mg2+. The concentrations of cGMP, cAMP, cIMP, 8-bromo-cGMP, and 8-bromo-cAMP that gave 50% activation were 0.19 +/- 0.06, 11.7 +/- 2.8, 5.3 +/- 1.5, 0.04 +/- 0. 01, and 0.62 +/- 0.06 microM, respectively. cGMP activation was cooperative with a Hill coefficient (nH) of 1.28 +/- 0.10, whereas activation by cAMP was not cooperative. DG1 kinase expressed in Sf9 cells was found to be a dimer with an amino-terminal dimerization domain. It also autophosphorylated in a reaction stimulated by cGMP and cAMP. Immunoadsorbed DG1 protein from fly extracts was also capable of autophosphorylation, and this assay was used to quantitate the DG1 kinase in extracts from heads and bodies of adults and whole embryos. Activity was highest in heads of either sex and male bodies, intermediate in female bodies, and lowest in embryos. These results were in accord with DG1 mRNA abundance. Tissue distribution of the DG1 kinase was investigated by immunohistochemistry. In embryos, specific immunoreactivity was observed in large cells scattered along the anterior-posterior axis at stage 13. Prominent staining of adult heads was restricted to the proximal level of the lamina cortex.
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PMID:Biochemical properties and cellular localization of the Drosophila DG1 cGMP-dependent protein kinase. 879 33


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