Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The type I regulatory subunit (R-I) of rat brain cAMP-dependent protein kinase was expressed in E. coli and site-directed mutagenesis was used to substitute amino acids in the putative cAMP-binding sites. The wild-type recombinant R-I bound 2 mol of cAMP/mol subunit, while two mutant R-Is with a single amino acid substitution in one of the two intrachain cAMP-binding sites (clone N153:a glutamate for Gly-200, and clone C254:an aspartate for Gly-324) bound 1 mol of cAMP/mol subunit. When these two substitutions were made in one mutant, cAMP did not bind to this mutant, indicating that binding of cAMP to N153 or C254 was to their nonmutated sites. Competition experiments with site-selective analogs and dissociation of bound cAMP from mutant R-Is provided evidence for strong intrachain interactions between the two classes of cAMP-binding sites in R-I.
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PMID:Site-directed mutagenesis of the cAMP-binding sites of the recombinant type I regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. 283 71

We have examined the sites phosphorylated on acetyl-CoA carboxylase by three protein kinases which have been shown to inactivate the enzyme, i.e. cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase-2 (ACK2, purified from rat mammary gland) and the AMP-activated protein kinase (formerly called acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase-3, purified from rat liver). Each protein kinase phosphorylates two out of three sites (termed 1-3) which have been established by amino acid sequencing. The two sites phosphorylated by each kinase can be recovered on separate peptides, TC1 and TC2, derived by combined digestion of the native enzyme by trypsin and chymotrypsin: TC1 = Ser-2Ser(P)-Met-3Ser(P)-Gly-Leu; TC2 = Arg-Met-1Ser(P)-Phe- Cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates sites 1 and 2 exclusively, whereas the AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylates sites 1 and 3, plus at least one other minor site. ACK2 phosphorylates site 1 and, more slowly, an unidentified site(s) within TC1. We have also established the structures of the single major phosphopeptides (T1 and C1 respectively) which are recovered by HPLC after acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylated by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase is digested with trypsin or chymotrypsin alone. T1 is related to TC1, and has the structure: Ser-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Gly-Leu-His-Leu-Val-Lys. C1 is identical with TC2. We have carried out studies on the correlation of the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase with the occupancy of sites 1, 2 and 3 during phosphorylation by each of the three protein kinases. The results suggest that phosphorylation of site 3 is primarily responsible for the large decrease in Vmax produced by the AMP-activated protein kinase, while phosphorylation of site 1 may be primarily responsible for the increase in A0.5 for citrate and more modest depression of Vmax produced by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase and ACK2. Our results emphasize that amino acid sequence information is essential in the unequivocal interpretation of data from phosphopeptide mapping experiments and allow a more complete interpretation of previous data on phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in intact cells. They also open the way to experiments which could establish the physiological roles of these protein kinases in the control of fatty acid synthesis.
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PMID:Identification by amino acid sequencing of three major regulatory phosphorylation sites on rat acetyl-CoA carboxylase. 290 Jan 38

1. The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) stimulates fatty acid synthesis from glucose in isolated adipocytes with a half-maximal effect at 0.72 microM. In seven batches of cells, the maximal effects of TPA and insulin were 8.5 +/- 1.1-fold and 27.1 +/- 2.1-fold respectively. Insulin also stimulated fatty acid synthesis from acetate 8.9 +/- 0.5-fold (three experiments), but TPA did not significantly increase fatty acid synthesis from this precursor. 2. In contrast to insulin, TPA treatment of isolated adipocytes did not produce an activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase which was detectable in crude cell extracts. 3. The total phosphate content of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, isolated from adipocytes in the presence of protein phosphatase inhibitors, was estimated by 32P-labelling experiments to be 2.6 +/- 0.1 (5), 3.4 +/- 0.2 (5), and 3.8 +/- 0.2 (3) mol/mol subunit for enzyme from control, insulin- and TPA-treated cells respectively. Insulin and TPA stimulated phosphorylation within the same two tryptic peptides. 4. Purified acetyl-CoA carboxylase is phosphorylated in vitro by protein kinase C at serine residues which are recovered in three tryptic peptides, i.e. peptide T1, which appears to be identical with the peptide Ser-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Gly-Leu-His-Leu-Val-Lys phosphorylated by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase, and peptides Ta and Tb, which have the sequences Ile-Asp-Ser(P)-Gln-Arg and Lys-Ile-Asp-Ser(P)-Gln-Arg respectively, and which appear to be derived from a single site by alternative cleavages. None of these correspond to the peptides whose 32P-labelling increase in response to insulin or TPA. Peptides Ta/Tb are not significantly phosphorylated in isolated adipocytes, even after insulin or TPA treatment. Peptide T1 is phosphorylated in isolated adipocytes, but this phosphorylation is not altered by insulin or TPA. 5. These results show that TPA mimics the effect of insulin on phosphorylation, but not activation, of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, i.e. that these two events can be dissociated. In addition, phorbol ester stimulates phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in isolated adipocytes, but this is not catalyzed directly by protein kinase C, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase does not appear to be a physiological substrate for this kinase.
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PMID:Insulin and phorbol ester stimulate phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase at similar sites in isolated adipocytes. Lack of correspondence with sites phosphorylated on the purified enzyme by protein kinase C. 290 Jan 39

We have examined the sites phosphorylated on acetyl-CoA carboxylase in response to insulin in isolated adipocytes. Two tryptic peptides derived from the enzyme become more radioactive after treatment of 32P-labelled cells with insulin. One of these (T4a) accounts for a large part of the total increase in phosphate observed after insulin treatment, and comigrates with the peptide containing the sites phosphorylated in vitro by casein kinase-2. The other may correspond to the 'I' site peptide originally described by Brownsey and Denton in 1982: labelling of this peptide is stimulated at least threefold by insulin treatment, but it is a minor phosphopeptide and, even after insulin treatment, accounts for only about 2.5% of the enzyme-bound phosphate (equivalent to less than 0.1 mol phosphate/mol 240-kDa subunit). Two other major tryptic phosphopeptides (T1 and T4b) labelled in adipocytes do not change significantly in response to insulin, and comigrate with peptides containing sites phosphorylated in vitro by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase and calmodulin-dependent multiprotein kinase respectively. We have sequenced peptides T4a and T4b from acetyl-CoA carboxylase derived from control and insulin-treated adipocytes, and also after phosphorylation in vitro with casein kinase-2 and the calmodulin-dependent multiprotein kinase. The results show that T4a and T4b are forms of the same peptide containing phosphate groups on different serine residues: Phe-Ile-Ile-Gly-Ser4-Val-Ser5-Gln-Asp-Asn-Ser6-Glu-Asp -Glu-Ile-Ser-Asn-Leu-. Site 5 was phosphorylated by the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and site 6 by casein kinase-2. Migration in the T4a position was exclusively associated with phosphorylation in site 6, irrespective of the presence of phosphate in sites 4 and 5. Sites 5 and 6 were partially phosphorylated in control adipocytes, and there were also small amounts of phosphate in site 4. On stimulation with insulin, phosphorylation appeared to occur primarily at site 6, thus accounting for the increase in 32P-labelling of T4a. We were unable to isolate sufficient quantities of the other insulin-sensitive peptide to determine its sequence. Our results are consistent with the idea that insulin activates either casein kinase-2, or a protein kinase which has the same specificity as casein kinase-2. The function of this modification is not clear, since phosphorylation by casein kinase-2 has no direct effect on acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity.
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PMID:Analysis of sites phosphorylated on acetyl-CoA carboxylase in response to insulin in isolated adipocytes. Comparison with sites phosphorylated by casein kinase-2 and the calmodulin-dependent multiprotein kinase. 290 Jan 40

We have reported previously that cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates two sites on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (site 1: Arg-Met-Ser(P)-Phe, and site 2: Ser-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Gly-Leu), while the AMP-activated protein kinase also phosphorylates site 1, plus site 3 (Ser-Ser-Met-Ser(P)-Gly-Leu), the latter being two residues C-terminal to site 2. We now report that prior phosphorylation of site 2 by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase prevents the subsequent phosphorylation of site 3 and the consequent large decrease in Vmax produced by the AMP-activated protein kinase. Similarly, prior phosphorylation of site 3 by the AMP-activated protein kinase prevents subsequent phosphorylation of site 2 by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.
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PMID:Negative interactions between phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by the cyclic AMP-dependent and AMP-activated protein kinases. 290 Jan 58

Guanylate cyclase has been strongly implicated as a cell-surface receptor on spermatozoa for a chemotactic peptide, and on various other cells as a receptor for atrial natriuretic peptides. Resact (Cys-Val-Thr-Gly-Ala-Pro-Gly-Cys-Val-Gly-Gly-Gly-Arg-Leu-NH2), the chemotactic peptide released by sea urchin Arbacia punctulata eggs, is specifically crosslinked to A. punctulata spermatozoan guanylate cyclase. After the binding of the peptide the state of guanylate cyclase phosphorylation modulates enzyme activity. We report here that the deduced amino-acid sequence of the spermatozoan membrane form of guanylate cyclase predicts an intrinsic membrane protein of 986 amino acids with an amino-terminal signal sequence. A single transmembrane domain separates the protein into putative extracellular and cytoplasmic-catalytic domains. The cytoplasmic carboxyl-terminal 95 amino acids contain 20% serine, the likely regulatory sites for phosphorylation. Unexpectedly, the enzyme is homologous to the protein kinase family.
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PMID:Membrane guanylate cyclase is a cell-surface receptor with homology to protein kinases. 290 Oct 39

Tumor-promoting phorbol esters are believed to affect cell functions by activating a Ca+2- and lipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Since such protein kinases may be involved in ovarian granulosa cell metabolism, the effects of phorbol esters on prostaglandin (PG) and progesterone (P) accumulation were investigated. Cells were obtained from immature (28-29 days old) rats 48 h after injection of 20 IU PMSG and incubated for up to 5 h. A tumor-promoting phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate (TPA), at a concentration of 25 ng/ml, caused 4-fold increases in PGE and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha accumulation at 5 h. LH (10 ng/ml) caused 7- and 4-fold increases in PGE and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha accumulation, respectively. When tested in combination, the increases in PGE and 6-keto PGF1 alpha due to TPA and LH were additive. Like the effect of LH, the TPA stimulation of PG synthesis occurred after a delay of 2-3 h. By 5 h of incubation, cells exposed to TPA exhibited increased PG synthase activity in whole homogenates. TPA caused a smaller (2-fold) increase in P accumulation than was observed with LH (10-fold). When tested in combination, however, TPA decreased the P response to LH by approximately 25%. These effects of TPA on basal and LH-stimulated PG and P accumulation were very similar to the actions of GnRH. We, therefore, investigated the effect of exposure to the combination of GnRH and TPA. A GnRH agonist, [D-Ala6,des-Gly-NH2(10)] GnRH ethylamide (GnRHa; 10 ng/ml) caused a 4-fold increase in PGE accumulation. The effect of TPA on PGE accumulation was also additive to that of GnRHa. TPA, on the other hand, did not affect the 2.5-fold P response to GnRHa. Neither stimulation or inhibition of PGE or P accumulation was observed in the presence of a nontumor-promoting phorbol ester. Furthermore, TPA did not affect basal or LH-stimulated cAMP accumulation or basal or LH-stimulated protein kinase A activity. These data indicate that protein kinase C activation can influence granulosa cell PG and P accumulation.
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PMID:Phorbol ester regulation of rat granulosa cell prostaglandin and progesterone accumulation. 298 45

cGMP-dependent protein kinase contains four cGMP-binding sites which are homologous to the four cAMP-binding sites of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The interaction of the diastereomers of adenosine 3',5'-thionophosphate, (PS)-cAMP[S] and (PR)-cAMP[S], with cGMP-dependent protein kinase has been studied. Autophosphorylation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase is stimulated by cAMP and (PS)-cAMP[S] with apparent KA values of 7 microM and 94 microM, respectively. cAMP-stimulated autophosphorylation is inhibited competitively by (PR)-cAMP[S] with a Ki value of 15 microM. The phosphorylation of the peptide substrate (Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly) is stimulated by cGMP (approx. KA 1 microM) and cAMP (approx. KA 98 microM) but neither by the (PR) nor (PS) stereoisomer of cAMP[S]. (PR)-cAMP[S] and (PS)-cAMP[S] inhibit competitively cAMP-or cGMP-stimulated phosphorylation of the peptide substrate with Ki values of 52 microM and 73 microM, respectively. (PS)-cAMP[S] stimulates the phosphorylation of the peptide substrate by an autophosphorylated enzyme. Binding of [3H]cGMP to cGMP-dependent protein kinase is inhibited by (PS)-cAMP[S] and (PR)-cAMP[S] with IC50 values of 200 microM and 15 microM, respectively. These results show that both diastereomers of cAMP[S] bind to cGMP-dependent protein kinase. (PR)-cAMP[S] has properties of a pure antagonist whereas (PS)-cAMP[S] has properties of a partial agonist. The results provide further evidence that autophosphorylation of the enzyme affects the interaction between the cGMP-binding sites and the catalytic center of the enzyme by facilitating the activation of the phosphotransferase reaction.
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PMID:Diastereomers of adenosine 3',5'-monothionophosphate (cAMP[S]) antagonize the activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase. 299 Sep 28

Release of surfactant from pulmonary type II epithelial cells was stimulated by the beta-adrenergic agonist terbutaline and the diterpene forskolin. Cytosolic cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations increased significantly following exposure to terbutaline or forskolin and reached maximal levels within 5 min after treatment. Terbutaline and forskolin had a synergistic effect on cytosolic cAMP levels when added simultaneously. cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity was identified in cytosolic preparations of type II pneumocytes by phosphorylation of the peptide substrate Kemptide (Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly) and binding of 3H-cAMP to the regulatory components of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Type I and type II regulatory subunits of the cANP-dependent kinase were present in approximately equal concentrations in type II cell cytosol. Activation ratio of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in cultured type II cells increased significantly in the presence of terbutaline, forskolin, or terbutaline plus forskolin. Activation ratios increased from 0.45 +/- 0.03 for control cells to 0.96 +/- 0.06 for cells exposed to terbutaline (10 microM) plus forskolin (5 microM) for 20 min. Release of 3H-phosphatidylcholine was also stimulated by terbutaline and forskolin. Effects of terbutaline and forskolin on surfactant release were approximately additive. Our results demonstrated increased cytosolic cAMP levels, increased cAMP-dependent protein kinase activation ratios, and subsequent augmented surfactant release from isolated type II pneumocytes in response to terbutaline and forskolin. These data support a role for activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase as a mediator of surfactant release and document the utility of forskolin for study of cAMP-mediated effects in isolated type II cells.
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PMID:Activation of cAMP dependent protein kinase during surfactant release from type II pneumocytes. 299 42

Digestion with Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteinase of the inhibitor protein of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase results in the sequential formation of three active inhibitory peptides. The smallest active peptide has the sequence Thr-Thr-Tyr-Ala-Asp-Phe-Ile-Ala-Ser-Gly-Arg-Thr-Gly-Arg-Arg-Asn-Ala-Ile- His-Asp . This 20-amino-acid-residue peptide has 20-40% of the activity of the native molecule and a Ki of 0.2 nM. Inhibition, as a minimum, appears to be based upon the inhibitor protein containing the recognition sequences that dictate protein-substrate-specificity. This inhibitory peptide also has sequence homology with the phosphorylation site for a protein kinase other than the cyclic AMP-dependent enzyme.
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PMID:An active twenty-amino-acid-residue peptide derived from the inhibitor protein of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. 300 Mar 57


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