Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several cytokines and LPS regulate the population of the B1 receptors (B1Rs) for kinins; these are responsive to des-Arg9-bradykinin (BK) and Lys-des-Arg9-BK. B1R activation contributes to inflammatory vascular changes and pain. Aortic rings isolated from normal rabbits and incubated in vitro in Krebs physiological medium were used as a model of tissue injury. From a null level of response, these rings exhibit a time- and protein synthesis-dependent increase in the maximal contractile response to des-Arg9-BK. Exposure to exogenous IL-1beta or epidermal growth factor (EGF) considerably increases the process of sensitization to the kinins. Freshly isolated control aortic rings showed high mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activities (persistent activation of p38, but less prolonged for extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase pathways) relatively to the basal activities found in various types of cultured cells. IL-1beta or EGF further increased the activities of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase MAP kinases. The inhibitor of the p38 MAP kinase, SB 203580 (10 microM), massively (approximately 75%) and selectively inhibited the spontaneous sensitization to des-Arg9-BK over 6 h. SB 203580 also significantly reduced the development of the response to des-Arg9-BK as stimulated by IL-1 or EGF. Both spontaneous and IL-1beta-stimulated up-regulation of responsiveness to des-Arg9-BK were significantly inhibited by the MAP kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1 inhibitor PD 98059 (approximately 40%). The protein kinase inhibitors failed to inhibit protein synthesis and to acutely inhibit the contractile effect of des-Arg9-BK, suggesting that they do not influence B1 receptor transduction mechanisms. In cultured aortic smooth muscle cells stimulated with EGF, MAP kinase activation preceded B1R mRNA induction. Protein kinase inhibitors reveal the role of cell injury-controlled MAP kinase pathways, and singularly of the p38 pathway, in the induction of B1R.
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PMID:Role of the mitogen-activated protein kinases in the expression of the kinin B1 receptors induced by tissue injury. 957 May 62

We examined the effect of an antioxidant and protein kinase inhibitors on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release from Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells induced by quinolone phototoxicity. Simultaneous administration of sparfloxacin (SPFX) or lomefloxacin (LFLX) at 12.5 to 100 microM and ultraviolet-A (UVA) irradiation for 10 min markedly elevated PGE2 concentration in the incubation medium, whereas levofloxacin (LVFX) at concentrations up to 100 microM and UVA irradiation did not increase PGE2 concentration. Pretreatment with 100 microM pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an antioxidant, or 1 microM calphostin C, a selective inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), completely inhibited the elevation of PGE2 in the 24-h incubation medium; pretreatment with 10 microM H7, a cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase, and PKC or 1 microM herbimycin A, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibited the PGE2 elevation by 29 to 39%. Conversely, 25 nM staurosporine significantly augmented the PGE2 elevation by quinolones plus UVA. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) were not detected in the incubation medium of 3T3 cells after quinolone plus UVA, corresponding to the lack of effect of antibodies against IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and TNFalpha on PGE2 release from 3T3 cells. These results suggest that PGE2 production in 3T3 cells by quinolone phototoxicity is modulated by reactive oxygen species, PKC, and tyrosine kinase, but not by IL-1 or TNFalpha.
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PMID:Involvement of reactive oxygen species, protein kinase C, and tyrosine kinase in prostaglandin E2 production in Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells by quinolone phototoxicity. 963 9

Previous studies have demonstrated that intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) will increase concentrations of growth hormone (GH). One possible explanation for this may reside in the response of the pituitary to specific cytokines. This study sought to determine the effects of recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), recombinant ovine (ro) interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), roIL-1beta, ro interleukin-2 (IL-2), and ro gamma-interferon (INT) on GH release from cultured sheep pituitary cells. Sheep were sacrificed and pituitary cells cultured in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum for 3 days. On day 4, cells were washed and serum-free DMEM added to cells. IL-1alpha and IL-1beta were used at 0.2, 2 and 20 ng/ml and the remaining cytokines at 2, 20 and 200 ng/ml. Neither IL-2 nor INT had effects on basal or on GH-releasing hormone (GRH)-stimulated GH release. TNF inhibited GRH-stimulated GH release (p < 0.05). Both IL-1alpha and IL-1beta stimulated GH release from cultured pituitary cells at all doses tested (p < 0.01). Neither IL-1alpha nor IL-1beta had an effect on GRH-stimulated GH release. IL-1 effects were inhibited by H-89 (p < 0.05; a protein kinase A inhibitor) and by nifedipine (p < 0.05; a calcium channel blocker). Both of these mechanisms are central signal transduction mechanisms mediating GRH-stimulated GH release. IL-1-stimulated GH release is partially inhibited (p < 0.05) by lipoxygenase pathway blockers. Phorbol myristate acetate downregulation of protein kinase C did not alter IL-1-stimulated GH release. IL-1beta increased the content of both GH and GH mRNA in cultured sheep pituitary cells. We conclude that IL-1 produces a strong stimulus to GH release, which is mediated by calcium entry and protein kinase A activation. IL-1 also activates lipoxygenase pathways. This latter pathway as well as calcium entry were shown to mediate LPS stimulation of GH release from cultured pituitary cells. The similarity between IL-1 and LPS signal transduction suggests that LPS may activate pituitary production of IL-1 to produce the stimulus to GH. The lack of inhibitory effects of INT, TNF and IL-2 as opposed to what is seen in the rat may suggest a partial mechanism to explain the different effects of LPS on GH release between sheep and that seen in cattle and rats.
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PMID:Cytokine-mediated growth hormone release from cultured ovine pituitary cells. 973 4

This study addressed the role of guanylyl cyclase (GC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) in interleukin (IL)-1 activation of human articular chondrocytes. The GC inhibitors LY83583 and methylene blue dose-dependently inhibited IL-1-induced nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) protein, and mRNA expression. These effects of GC inhibition were consistent with the rapid induction of cGMP by IL-1, which reached maximal levels after 5 min. The effects of GC inhibitors were selective as they did not reduce IL-1-induced cyclooxygenase II protein and mRNA. An inhibitor specific for soluble GC did not affect IL-1-induced NO production, and activators of soluble GC did not induce NO. However, the expression of iNOS mRNA was induced by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), activators of particulate GC, indicating that particulate rather than soluble guanylyl cyclases were involved in iNOS induction. The expression of iNOS mRNA and the production of NO were induced by a slowly hydrolyzable analog of cGMP, 8-bromo-cGMP, but not by nonhydrolyzable analog, dibutyryl cGMP, suggesting that PDE rather than cGMP-dependent protein kinase mediates the cGMP effects. Chondrocytes contained extensive cGMP PDE activity. This had PDE5 biochemical features and an inhibitor profile consistent with PDE5. Furthermore, the nonisoformspecific PDE inhibitor IBMX and PDE5-specific inhibitors suppressed IL-1-induced NO release and iNOS mRNA expression. PDE5 mRNA was constitutively expressed in chondrocytes. In addition to increasing PDE5 activities, IL-1 treatment reduced the sensitivity of PDE5 to several pharmacological inhibitors by up to 50-fold. In summary, inhibitors of either GC or PDE5 prevented IL-1 induction of iNOS; IL-1 increased the rates of both cGMP generation and hydrolysis; and exogenous PDE hydrolyzable cGMP analog induced iNOS and NO. These results suggest that increased cGMP metabolic flux is sufficient to induce iNOS, and GC and PDE5 activities are required for IL-1 induction of iNOS expression via increases in coupled cGMP synthesis and hydrolysis.
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PMID:Cyclic GMP and cGMP-binding phosphodiesterase are required for interleukin-1-induced nitric oxide synthesis in human articular chondrocytes. 976 78

Receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin molecules (FcR) present on leukocyte cell membranes mediate a large number of cellular responses that are very important in host defense, including phagocytosis, cell cytotoxicity, production and secretion of inflammatory mediators, and modulation of the immune response. Cross-linking of FcR with immune complexes leads, first to activation of protein-tyrosine kinases. The molecular events that follow and that transduce signals from these receptors to the nucleus are still poorly defined. We have investigated the signal transduction pathway from Fc receptors that leads to gene activation and production of cytokines in monocytes. Cross-linking of FcR, on the THP-1 monocytic cell line, by immune complexes resulted in both activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and interleukin 1 production. These responses were completely blocked by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In contrast, expression of dominant negative mutants of Ras and Raf-1, in these cells, did not have any effect on FcR-mediated nuclear factor activation, suggesting that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was not used by these receptors. However, MAPK activation was easily detected by in vitro kinase assays, after FcR cross-linking with immune complexes. Using the specific MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MAPK kinase) inhibitor PD98059, we found that MAPK activation is necessary for FcR-dependent activation of the nuclear factor NF-kappaB. These results strongly suggest that the signaling pathway from Fc receptors leading to expression of different genes important to leukocyte biology, initiates with tyrosine kinases and requires MAPK activation; but in contrast to other tyrosine kinase receptors, FcR-mediated MAPK activation does not involve Ras and Raf.
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PMID:Fcgamma receptor-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in monocytes is independent of Ras. 976 95

The association and activation of the IL-1 receptor-associated protein kinase (IRAK) to the IL-1 receptor complex is one of the earliest events detectable in IL-1 signal transduction. We generated permanent clones of the murine T cell line EL4 6.1 overexpressing human (h)IRAK to evaluate the role of this kinase in IL-1 signaling. Overexpression of hIRAK enhanced IL-1-stimulated activation of the transcription factor NFkappaB, whereas a truncated form (N-IRAK) specifically inhibited IL-1-dependent NFkappaB activity. In clones stably overexpressing hIRAK a weak constitutive activation of NFkappaB correlated with a low basal IL-2 production which was enhanced in an IL-1-dependent manner. Compared to the parental cell line the dose-response curve of IL-1-induced IL-2 production was shifted in both potency and efficacy. These results demonstrate that IRAK directly triggers NFkappaB-mediated gene expression in EL4 cells. Qualitatively different effects were observed for the IL-1-induced activation of stress-activated protein (SAP) kinases: permanent overexpression of IRAK did not affect the dose dependence but prolonged the kinetics of IL-1-induced activation of SAP kinases, suggesting that this signaling branch may be regulated by distinct mechanisms.
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PMID:Effects of overexpression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase on NFkappaB activation, IL-2 production and stress-activated protein kinases in the murine T cell line EL4. 980 78

Fatal cases of filoviral infection are accompanied by a marked immunosuppression. Endothelial cells play a vital role in the host immune response through the expression of several immunomodulatory genes in addition to the expression of the antiviral genes, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase [2'-5'(A)N], and the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR). dsRNA, an intermediate generated during viral replication and gene transcription of many viruses, leads to the induction of immunomodulatory genes in endothelial cells. In this report, we show that induction of the major histocompatibility complex class I family of genes, 2'-5'(A)N, interleukin-6 (IL-6), PKR, interferon (IFN)-regulatory factor-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by dsRNA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells is suppressed by infection with the filovirus Ebola-Zaire (EZ). In contrast, induction of IL-6 and ICAM-1 by IL-1 is intact in EZ-infected cells. Gel shift analysis demonstrates that dsRNA-induced protein binding to IFN-responsive elements is strongly suppressed by EZ-IFN, whereas NF-kappa B activation by dsRNA remains intact. We previously reported that IFN signaling is suppressed by EZ infection, and these data strongly suggest that elements shared between IFN and dsRNA signaling are being inhibited by EZ. Inhibition of IFN and dsRNA responsiveness could play a role in the immunosuppression seen in EZ infections and would play a role in the pathogenesis of disease caused by EZ.
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PMID:Ebola virus inhibits induction of genes by double-stranded RNA in endothelial cells. 987 27

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is an inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to enhance a variety of Th1 type T cell responses. Because IL-18 is homologous to IL-1, we tested binding of IL-18 to the known IL-1R family members. We could show binding of IL-18 to the orphan receptor IL-1Rrp1 but not to other IL-1R homologous proteins. IL-1Rrp1 and IL-1RI share highly conserved domains within their cytoplasmic regions. Comparison of the IL-1 and IL-18 signaling mechanisms showed that they activate identical cytoplasmic messengers. IL-18, like IL-1, induced association of its receptor with IRAK and subsequent recruitment of TRAF6. IL-18 activated p38 MAP kinase, jun kinase, and beta casein kinase (TIP kinase), an apparently novel kinase previously thought to be specifically activated by IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). IL-18 activated NF-kappaB in EL4/6.1 thymoma cells but not in COS-7 cells, even though the latter presumably contain all components required for the IL-1 signaling pathway. From our binding and signaling studies, we conclude that the IL-18 receptor complex consists of IL-18, the IL-1Rrp1, and another thus far unidentified receptor molecule.
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PMID:Binding of interleukin-18 to the interleukin-1 receptor homologous receptor IL-1Rrp1 leads to activation of signaling pathways similar to those used by interleukin-1. 987 52

In the present study we investigated the interleukin (IL)-1beta and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1)-mediated proliferation, and production of IL-2 and TGF-beta, in the murine T-cell line, EL4.NOB-1. This cell line is resistant to TGF-beta concerning growth arrest but not autoinduction or suppression of IL-1-induced IL-2 production. When cocultured with IL-1beta, TGF-beta showed growth-promoting activity that could be antagonized by adding the phosphatidyl choline-dependent phospholipase C (PC-PLC) inhibitor, D609. Using specific enzyme inhibitors of protein kinases (PK) C and A, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phosphatidylinositol-dependent (PI)-PLC and PC-PLC, we showed that IL-1beta-induced IL-2 synthesis was dependent on all investigated kinases and phospholipases, except PC-PLC. TGF-beta1 was able to inhibit IL-2 synthesis by the activation of PKA and MAPK. The same kinases are involved in TGF-beta autoinduction that is accompanied by a secretion of the active but not the latent growth factor and is antagonized by IL-1beta. Addition of the PI-PLC inhibitor, ET 18OCH3, or the PLA2 inhibitor (quinacrine) alone, resulted in secretion of latent TGF-beta and, in the case of ET 18OCH3, active TGF-beta. These data implicate a role for PI-PLC and PLA2 in the control of latency and secretion. Analysis of specific tyrosine activity and c-Fos expression showed synergistic but no antagonistic effects. These events are therefore not involved in IL- and TGF-beta-regulated IL-2 and TGF-beta production, but might participate in IL-1/TGF-beta-induced growth promotion.
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PMID:Analysis of interleukin (IL)-1 beta and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-induced signal transduction pathways in IL-2 and TGF-beta secretion and proliferation in the thymoma cell line EL4.NOB-1. 1007 17

Osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), a novel member of the TNF ligand family, is expressed as a membrane-associated protein by osteoblasts/stromal cells. The soluble form of ODF (sODF) induces the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts in the presence of M-CSF. Here, the effects of sODF on the survival, multinucleation, and pit-forming activity of murine osteoclasts were examined in comparison with those of M-CSF and IL-1. Osteoclast-like cells (OCLs) formed in cocultures of murine osteoblasts and bone marrow cells expressed mRNA of RANK (receptor activator of NF-kappaB), a receptor of ODF. The survival of OCLs was enhanced by the addition of each of sODF, M-CSF, and IL-1. sODF, as well as IL-1, activated NF-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) in OCLs. Like M-CSF and IL-1, sODF stimulated the survival and multinucleation of prefusion osteoclasts (pOCs) isolated from the coculture. When pOCs were cultured on dentine slices, resorption pits were formed on the slices in the presence of either sODF or IL-1 but not in that of M-CSF. A soluble form of RANK as well as osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor, a decoy receptor of ODF, blocked OCL formation and prevented the survival, multinucleation, and pit-forming activity of pOCs induced by sODF. These results suggest that ODF regulates not only osteoclast differentiation but also osteoclast function in mice through the receptor RANK.
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PMID:Osteoclast differentiation factor acts as a multifunctional regulator in murine osteoclast differentiation and function. 1038 46


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