Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objective of this study was to investigate the chemopreventive potentials of glycine- and proline-rich glycoprotein (SNL glycoprotein, 150-kDa) isolated from Solanum nigrum Linne on formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 20 mg/kg) in A/J mice. Administration of SNL glycoprotein inhibited phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), expression of colonic proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and frequency of colonic ACF in DMH-stimulated mice colon carcinogenesis. In addition, SNL glycoprotein increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p21(WAF/Cip1) and p27(Kip1)), whereas reduced expression of precursor form of apoptosis-related proteins [pro-caspase-3 and pro-poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP)] in the mice. Interestingly, the results in this study revealed that SNL glycoprotein has suppressive effects on activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), whereas it has stimulatory effect on the expression of p53, accompanying inhibitory effects on expression of NF-kappaBp50, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in DMH-stimulated ACF formation. Also, SNL glycoprotein has inhibitory effects on the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), on the production of inducible nitric oxide (NO), and on the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the mice plasma. Collectively, our findings in this study suggest that SNL glycoprotein has chemopreventive activity via modulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in DMH-treated A/J mice.
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PMID:Glycine- and proline-rich glycoprotein regulates the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis for ACF formation in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-treated A/J mice. 1918 65

Structure-based approaches now impact across the whole continuum of drug discovery, from new target selection through the identification of hits to the optimization of lead compounds. Optimal application of structure-based design involves close integration with other discovery technologies, including fragment-based and virtual screening. Here, we illustrate the use of structural information and of structure-based drug design approaches in the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors for cancer drug targets and provide an outlook on the exploitation of structural information in future cancer drug discovery. Examples include high profile protein kinase targets and structurally related PI3 kinases, histone deacetylases, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and the molecular chaperone HSP90. Structure-based design approaches have also been successfully applied to the protein-protein interaction targets p53-MDM2 and the Bcl-2 family.
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PMID:Structure-based design of molecular cancer therapeutics. 1933 67

Stimulatory heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (Gs protein) stimulate cAMP generation in response to various signals, and modulate various cellular phenomena such as proliferation and apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Gs proteins on gamma ray-induced apoptosis of lung cancer cells and its molecular mechanism, as an attempt to develop a new strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of gamma radiation. Expression of constitutively active mutant of the alpha subunit of Gs (GalphasQL) augmented gamma ray-induced apoptosis via mitochondrial dependent pathway when assessed by clonogenic assay, FACS analysis of PI stained cells, and western blot analysis of the cytoplasmic translocation of cytochrome C and the cleavage of caspase-3 and ploy(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in H1299 human lung cancer cells. GalphasQL up-regulated the Bak expression at the levels of protein and mRNA. Treatment with inhibitors of PKA (H89), SP600125 (JNK inhibitor), and a CRE-decoy blocked GalphasQL-stimulated Bak reporter luciferase activity. Expression of GalphasQL increased basal and gamma ray-induced luciferase activity of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and AP-1, and the binding of CREB and AP-1 to Bak promoter. Furthermore, prostaglandin E2, a Galphas activating signal, was found to augment gamma ray-induced apoptosis, which was abolished by treatment with a prostanoid receptor antagonist. These results indicate that Galphas augments gamma ray-induced apoptosis by up-regulation of Bak expression via CREB and AP-1 in H1299 lung cancer cells, suggesting that the efficacy of radiotherapy of lung cancer may be improved by modulating Gs signaling pathway.
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PMID:Stimulatory heterotrimeric G protein augments gamma ray-induced apoptosis by up-regulation of Bak expression via CREB and AP-1 in H1299 human lung cancer cells. 1938 Oct 65

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation is considered as a major regulator of cell death in various pathophysiological conditions, however, no direct information is available about its role in chronic hypoperfusion-induced neuronal death. Here, we provide evidence for the protective effect of PARP inhibition on degenerative retinal damage induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), an adequate chronic hypoperfusion murine model. We found that BCCAO in adult male Wistar rats led to severe degeneration of all retinal layers that was attenuated by a carboxaminobenzimidazol-derivative PARP inhibitor (HO3089) administered unilaterally into the vitreous body immediately following carotid occlusion and then 4 times in a 2-week-period. Normal morphological structure of the retina was preserved and the thickness of the retinal layers was increased in HO3089-treated eyes compared to the BCCAO eyes. For Western blot studies, HO3089 was administered immediately after BCCAO and retinas were removed 4 h later. According to Western blot analysis utilizing phosphorylation-specific primary antibodies, besides activating poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) synthesis, BCCAO induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). HO3089 inhibited PAR synthesis, and decreased the phosphorylation of these proapoptotic MAPKs. In addition, HO3089 treatment induced phosphorylation, that is activation, of the protective Akt/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signaling pathways. These data indicate that PARP activation has a major role in mediating chronic hypoperfusion-induced neuronal death, and inhibition of the enzyme prevents the pathological changes both in the morphology and the kinase signaling cascades involved. These results identify PARP inhibition as a possible molecular target in the clinical management of chronic hypoperfusion-induced neurodegenerative diseases including ocular ischemic syndrome.
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PMID:Protection against chronic hypoperfusion-induced retinal neurodegeneration by PARP inhibition via activation of PI-3-kinase Akt pathway and suppression of JNK and p38 MAP kinases. 1952

Calphostin C (cal-C) is a photoactivatable inhibitor that binds to the regulatory domain of protein kinase C (PKC) and to other proteins that contain diacylglycerol/phorbol ester binding sites. Cal-C is cytotoxic against many types of cancer cells, yet the basis for this activity remains poorly understood. Here, we show that one of the earliest effects of cal-C is an impairment of glycoprotein export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), accompanied by formation of ER-derived vacuoles. Vacuolization of the ER is correlated with induction of an ER stress response that includes activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and protein kinase R-like ER kinase, as well as increased expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous transcription factor (CHOP; GADD153). These effects of cal-C are not mimicked by staurosporine, an inhibitor of PKC catalytic activity, indicating that ER stress is due to interaction of cal-C with targets other than PKC. In conjunction with the induction of ER stress, breast carcinoma cells undergo caspase-dependent cell death with early activation of caspases 9 and 7 and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. Reduction of CHOP expression by short hairpin RNA decreases the sensitivity of the cells to cal-C, suggesting that induction of apoptosis by cal-C is related, at least in part, to ER stress triggered by disruption of ER morphology and transport function. Antineoplastic drugs that work by inducting ER stress have shown promise in preclinical and clinical trials. Thus, the present findings raise the possibility that cal-C may be useful for photodynamic therapy based on induction of ER stress in some forms of cancer.
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PMID:Killing of cancer cells by the photoactivatable protein kinase C inhibitor, calphostin C, involves induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. 1972 76

Cdk5 is a small serine/threonine protein kinase which belongs to Cdk family. Unlike other Cdk members, so far Cdk5 is known to be irrelevant in cell cycle. Cdk5 kinase activity is regulated by binding with its activator, p35. Our previous results indicate that CdkS and p35 are involved in drugs-induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Retinoic acid (RA) is one of the vitamin A-related compounds. Because of its potency on biological functions, it has been widely studied in its novel actions including the ability to inhibit cancer cell growth and to induce apoptosis. Here, we report that RA treatment decreased the growth of human cervical cancer cell line, HeLa, and Cdk5 contributed to this effect. The involvement of Cdk5 in RA-reduced cell survival was performed by treatments of Cdk5 inhibitor and siRNA. We further identified that RA-induced growth inhibition was partly correlated to Cdk5 activity-related apoptosis by detecting cell cycle distribution of sub G1 phase and the signals of Annexin V staining. In addition, our results also indicated that Cdk5 activity was involved in RA-induced HeLa apoptosis by detecting cleavages of caspase-3 and its substrate, PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases) Interestingly, the nuclear localizations of Cdk5 and p35 proteins were increased by RA treatment, which, again, suggests the involvement of Cdk5 and p35 in RA-induced apoptotic effects. In conclusion, we provide evidence to suggest that Cdk5 and p35 might play important roles in RA-induced HeLa apoptosis.
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PMID:The role of Cdk5 in retinoic acid-induced apoptosis of cervical cancer cell line. 1976 50

Xanthorrhizol is a sesquiterpenoid from the rhizome of Curcuma xanthorrhiza. In our previous studies, xanthorrhizol suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, inhibited cancer cell growth, and exerted an anti-metastatic effect in an animal model. However, the exact mechanisms for its inhibitory effects against cancer cell growth have not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the growth inhibitory effect of xanthorrhizol on cancer cells. Xanthorrhizol dose-dependently exerted antiproliferative effects against HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Xanthorrhizol also arrested cell cycle progression in the G0/G1 and G2/M phase and induced the increase of sub-G1 peaks. Cell cycle arrest was highly correlated with the downregulation of cyclin A, cyclin B1, and cyclin D1; cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), CDK2, and CDK4; proliferating cell nuclear antigen; and inductions of p21 and p27, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. The apoptosis by xanthorrhizol was markedly evidenced by induction of DNA fragmentation, release of cytochrome c, activation of caspases, and cleavage of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase. In addition, xanthorrhizol increased the expression and promoter activity of pro-apoptotic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1). These findings provide one plausible mechanism for the growth inhibitory activity of xanthorrhizol against cancer cells.
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PMID:Xanthorrhizol, a natural sesquiterpenoid, induces apoptosis and growth arrest in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. 1992 35

In some human cancers, the Notch1 receptor and signaling pathway is upregulated, which increases the oncogenic potential of the cell through prevention of differentiation and inhibition of apoptosis. We sought to evaluate the role of Notch1 in hepatocellular cancer (HCC), and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin, a known Notch1 inhibitor. Human liver tumors were compared to normal liver to evaluate for Notch1 and Notch1 Intracellular Domain (NICD). Three human HCC cell lines were exposed to curcumin and evaluated for downstream effectors by Western blot. In addition, standard MTT assays were performed to assess the effect of curcumin in vitro. Finally, a nude mouse xenograft model was utilized to assess the response to curcumin in vivo. High levels of NICD were present in the majority of human HCC samples and all three HCC cell lines. Treatment with curcumin led to a dose-dependent decrease in the expression of NICD associated with the induction of cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), the degradation of cyclin D1 and increase in cyclin-dependent kinase p21. Curcumin inhibited HCC cell proliferation in vitro. Importantly, transfection of Notch1 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) into HCC cells resulted in cell growth inhibition and apoptosis, recapitulating the effects of curcumin. Finally, treatment with curcumin resulted in a 40% decrease in tumor growth in vivo. These results suggest for the first time that down-regulation of Notch1 signaling with curcumin is an attractive new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with HCC.
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PMID:Down-regulation of Notch1 signaling inhibits tumor growth in human hepatocellular carcinoma. 1995 48

The polycomb group (PcG) proteins are epigenetic regulators of gene expression that enhance cell survival. This regulation is achieved via action of two multiprotein PcG complexes--PRC2 (EED) and PRC1 [B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi-1)]. These complexes modulate gene expression by increasing histone methylation and reducing acetylation--leading to a closed chromatin conformation. Activity of these proteins is associated with increased cell proliferation and survival. We show increased expression of key PcG proteins in immortalized keratinocytes and skin cancer cell lines. We examine the role of two key PcG proteins, Bmi-1 and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2), and the impact of the active agent in green tea, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), on the function of these regulators. EGCG treatment of SCC-13 cells reduces Bmi-1 and Ezh2 level and this is associated with reduced cell survival. The reduction in survival is associated with a global reduction in histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation, a hallmark of PRC2 complex action. This change in PcG protein expression is associated with reduced expression of key proteins that enhance progression through the cell cycle [cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)1, cdk2, cdk4, cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin A and cyclin B1] and increased expression of proteins that inhibit cell cycle progression (p21 and p27). Apoptosis is also enhanced, as evidenced by increased caspase 9, 8 and 3 cleavage and increased poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase cleavage. EGCG treatment also increases Bax and suppresses Bcl-xL expression. Vector-mediated enhanced Bmi-1 expression reverses these EGCG-dependent changes. These findings suggest that green tea polyphenols reduce skin tumor cell survival by influencing PcG-mediated epigenetic regulatory mechanisms.
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PMID:The Bmi-1 polycomb protein antagonizes the (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-dependent suppression of skin cancer cell survival. 2001 67

Until recently, necrosis, unlike apoptosis, was considered as passive and unregulated form of cell death. However, during the last decade a number of experimental data demonstrated that, except under extreme conditions, necrosis may be a well-regulated process activated by rather specific physiological and pathological stimuli. In this review, we consider mechanisms and the role of necrosis in tumor cells. It became recently clear that the major player in necrotic cascade is a protein kinase RIP1, which can be activated by number of stumuli including TNF, TRAIL, and LPS, oxidative stress, or DNA damage (via poly-ADP-ribose polymerase). RIP1 kinase directly (or indirectly via another kinase JNK) transduces signal to mitochondria and causes specific damage (mitochondrial permeability transition). Mitochondrial collapse activates various proteases (e.g., calpains, cathepsin) and phospholipases, and eventually leads to plasma membrane destruction, a hallmark of necrotic cell death. Necrosis, in contrast to apoptosis, usually evokes powerful inflammatory response, which may participate in tumor regression during anticancer therapy. On the other hand, excessive spontaneous necrosis during tumor development may lead to more aggressive tumors due to stimulatory role of necrosis-induced inflammation on their growth.
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PMID:Mechanisms of tumor cell necrosis. 2021 18


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